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12816 HydrocarbonsOxidation: more C-O bonds (or other atoms more electronegative than C) less C-H bonds loss of electrons increased oxidation state, e.g. +1 to +3Reduction: more C-H bonds less C-O bonds (or other atoms more electronegative than C)gain of electrons decreased oxidation state, e.g. +1 to -116.5 ALKENES16.5.1. NomenclatureIUPAC system for naming Alkenes are as:-1) The longest continuous chain containing double bond is selected as parent chain.2) The ending ‘ane’ is replaced by ‘ene’.3) The chain is numbered in such a manner as to give minimum number to the doublybonded C-atoms.4) The position of double bond is indicated by the lower number of C-atom.5) The lower number of C-atom is placed before the name of parent alkene.6) The presence of more than one double bond is indicated by the suffix -diene for twodouble bonds, -triene for three double bonds and so on.7) Alkyl groups are indicated by the methods mentioned in alkane.
16 Hydrocarbons129Activity1. Name the following Olefins by the IUPAC Systemsa. bcdefg. h2. Name the compounds (a) and (b) by IUPAC nomenclature and compounds (c) and (d)by their trivial/common names and (e) by its derived name.(a).(b)(c)(d) (e)3. Write structural formulas for the following compounds and discuss the geometricisomerism in each case.(a) 1,3-Buta dience(c) 2,4 -Hexa dience(e) 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene(b) 1,2- Penta diene(d) 2-Methyl-1,3-buta diene16.5.2. Relative StabilityThere are 3 factors that influence alkene stability:1. Degree of substitution: More highly alkylated alkenes are more stable, so stability ofalkenes decreases in the following order:tetra > tri > di > mono-substituted.2. Stereochemistry: Trans alkenes are more stable than cis alkenes due to reduced stearicinteractions when R groups are on opposite sides of the double bond.3. Conjugated alkenes are more stable than isolated alkenes.1,3-Butadiene is more stable than 1,4-butadiene
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Textbook ofChemistryGrade 12
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OUR MOTTOStandards Outcomes Access
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CONTENTSNo. Chapter Name P. No.1314
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13 s and p - Block ElementsP [Ne] 3
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913 s and p - Block Elements(b) Phy
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13 s and p - Block ElementsArgonArg
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13 s and p - Block ElementsSulphurS
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThose ox
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13 s and p - Block Elements17Fig 13
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13 s and p - Block ElementsWith hot
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13 s and p - Block ElementsChlorine
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThe alum
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13 s and p - Block Elements13.1.6 H
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13 s and p - Block ElementsNotice t
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThe tabl
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13 s and p - Block ElementsRb red (
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I2I1 + I213 s and p - Block Element
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13 s and p - Block ElementsCalcium,
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThis is
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13 s and p - Block Elements9. Behav
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13 s and p - Block Elements13.4.2 T
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThis fir
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13 s and p - Block ElementsCarbon a
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13 s and p - Block Elements51Quick
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13 s and p - Block ElementsIt has b
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13 s and p - Block Elements55Quick
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13 s and p - Block Elementstoxicity
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13 s and p - Block Elementsviii. Wh
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13 s and p - Block Elements(c) Why
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14 d and f - block elements transit
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Page 107 and 108: 15 Organic Compounds1053. Melting a
Page 109 and 110: 15 Organic Compounds107Quick Quiz1.
Page 111 and 112: 15 Organic CompoundsNitrileMethyle
Page 113 and 114: 15 Organic Compounds6. There is a g
Page 115 and 116: 15 Organic Compounds113C) Detection
Page 117 and 118: 15 Organic Compounds115iii. Which o
Page 119 and 120: 16 Hydrocarbons11716.1 TYPES OF HYD
Page 121 and 122: 16 Hydrocarbons119orororQuick Quiz1
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Page 125 and 126: 16 Hydrocarbons123(b) Alkanes are n
Page 127 and 128: 16 Hydrocarbons125II. CycloalkanesA
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Page 133 and 134: 16 Hydrocarbons1312. Dehydrohalogen
Page 135 and 136: 16 Hydrocarbons133HydrationAddition
Page 137 and 138: 16 Hydrocarbons135PolymerizationPol
Page 139 and 140: 16 Hydrocarbons137benzeneconjugated
Page 141 and 142: 16 Hydrocarbons13916.6.2 Carbon-Bas
Page 143 and 144: 16 Hydrocarbons141(+)Tartaric Acid:
Page 145 and 146: 16 Hydrocarbons143No geometrical is
Page 147 and 148: 16 Hydrocarbons1451) MetamerismThis
Page 149 and 150: 16 Hydrocarbons147(b)(c)(d)(e)16.7.
Page 151 and 152: 16 Hydrocarbons149terminal alkyne p
Page 153 and 154: 16 Hydrocarbons151BrominationChlori
Page 155 and 156: 16 Hydrocarbons153CumeneDisubstitut
Page 157 and 158: 16 Hydrocarbons155These are two equ
Page 159 and 160: 16 Hydrocarbons157Thus molecule of
Page 161 and 162: 16 Hydrocarbons159(c) Addition of H
Page 163 and 164: 16 Hydrocarbons161Explanation and E
Page 165 and 166: 16 Hydrocarbons163SulfonationThe in
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Page 169 and 170: 16 Hydrocarbons167On the other hand
Page 171 and 172: 16 Hydrocarbons169SOCIETY, TECHNOLO
Page 173 and 174: 16 Hydrocarbons171Exercise1. The mo
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17917 Alkyl Halides and AminesThe e
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesMechanis
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines(5)(6)(7
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesThe atta
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines1871. Wh
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines189CH 3I
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines191Anili
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesThis rea
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesAlkylati
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines197Key P
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17 Alkyl Halides and Aminesiv. Tert
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