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13016 Hydrocarbons16.5.3 StructureThe carbon atoms linked through π-bond are sp 2 hybridized. Therefore, each atom carriesthree sp 2 -hybrids and one p-orbital. The p-orbital overlap to form π-bond and hybrid orbitals formσ-bonds due to linear overlap.σσπσThe carbon-carbon distance in etheneis shorter (1.34A) than the C-C bonddistance of ethane (1.54A). It is due toincreased electron density between carbonatoms.Carbon atoms are coplanar, and therotation of one C-atom with respect to otheris restricted which results in cis-transisomerism in alkene.16.5.4. Preparation of Alkenes1. Dehydration of AlcoholsRemoval of water molecule is called dehydration.ExampleWhen vapours of alcohol are passed over heated alumina, dehydration takes place withthe formation of alkene.P4O10, H2SO4, H3PO4 are also used for dehydration. The ease of dehydration of variousalcohols is in the order.Ter.alcohol > sec.alcohol > pri.alcoholFor secondary alcoholFor tertiary alcohold
16 Hydrocarbons1312. Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl HalidesRemoval of hydrogen halide (HX) from alky halides is called Dehydrohalogenation”ExampleAlkyl halides on heating with alcoholic potassium hydroxide undergo Dehydrohalogenation toform alkenes.16.5.5 ReactivityThere is a relatively diffuse region of high electron density in alkenes as compared toalkanes. This is due to π-bonds in alkenes. Since an ethene π-bond is weaker than σ-bond, itrequires less energy to break a π-bonds. Hence the reactions of alkenes involve weaker π-bondand electrophillic addition occurs. It involves the change of a π-bond to sigma bond throughaddition reactions.16.5.6 ReactionsHydrogenationA process in which a molecule of hydrogen is added to an alkene in the presence of acatalyst and at moderate pressure (1-5atm) to give a saturated compound is known as catalytichydrogenation.Explanation:It is a highly exothermic process and the amount of heat evolved when one mole of analkene is hydrogenated is called Heat of Hydrogenation. The heat of hydrogenation of mostalkene is about 120kJ mole -1 for each double bond present in a molecule. The catalystsemployed are Pt, Pd and Raney Nickel.Raney Nickel:It is prepared by treating a Ni – Al alloy with caustic soda.
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Textbook ofChemistryGrade 12
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OUR MOTTOStandards Outcomes Access
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CONTENTSNo. Chapter Name P. No.1314
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13 s and p - Block ElementsP [Ne] 3
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913 s and p - Block Elements(b) Phy
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13 s and p - Block ElementsArgonArg
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13 s and p - Block ElementsSulphurS
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThose ox
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13 s and p - Block Elements17Fig 13
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13 s and p - Block ElementsWith hot
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13 s and p - Block ElementsChlorine
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThe alum
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13 s and p - Block Elements13.1.6 H
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13 s and p - Block ElementsNotice t
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13 s and p - Block ElementsRb red (
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I2I1 + I213 s and p - Block Element
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13 s and p - Block ElementsCalcium,
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThis is
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13 s and p - Block Elements9. Behav
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13 s and p - Block Elements13.4.2 T
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThis fir
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13 s and p - Block ElementsCarbon a
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13 s and p - Block Elements51Quick
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13 s and p - Block ElementsIt has b
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13 s and p - Block Elements55Quick
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13 s and p - Block Elementstoxicity
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Page 105 and 106: 15 Organic Compounds15.1 SOURCES OF
Page 107 and 108: 15 Organic Compounds1053. Melting a
Page 109 and 110: 15 Organic Compounds107Quick Quiz1.
Page 111 and 112: 15 Organic CompoundsNitrileMethyle
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Page 115 and 116: 15 Organic Compounds113C) Detection
Page 117 and 118: 15 Organic Compounds115iii. Which o
Page 119 and 120: 16 Hydrocarbons11716.1 TYPES OF HYD
Page 121 and 122: 16 Hydrocarbons119orororQuick Quiz1
Page 123 and 124: 16 Hydrocarbons1213-Ethyl-2,3,5-tri
Page 125 and 126: 16 Hydrocarbons123(b) Alkanes are n
Page 127 and 128: 16 Hydrocarbons125II. CycloalkanesA
Page 129 and 130: 16 Hydrocarbons127shown again below
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Page 135 and 136: 16 Hydrocarbons133HydrationAddition
Page 137 and 138: 16 Hydrocarbons135PolymerizationPol
Page 139 and 140: 16 Hydrocarbons137benzeneconjugated
Page 141 and 142: 16 Hydrocarbons13916.6.2 Carbon-Bas
Page 143 and 144: 16 Hydrocarbons141(+)Tartaric Acid:
Page 145 and 146: 16 Hydrocarbons143No geometrical is
Page 147 and 148: 16 Hydrocarbons1451) MetamerismThis
Page 149 and 150: 16 Hydrocarbons147(b)(c)(d)(e)16.7.
Page 151 and 152: 16 Hydrocarbons149terminal alkyne p
Page 153 and 154: 16 Hydrocarbons151BrominationChlori
Page 155 and 156: 16 Hydrocarbons153CumeneDisubstitut
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Page 159 and 160: 16 Hydrocarbons157Thus molecule of
Page 161 and 162: 16 Hydrocarbons159(c) Addition of H
Page 163 and 164: 16 Hydrocarbons161Explanation and E
Page 165 and 166: 16 Hydrocarbons163SulfonationThe in
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Page 169 and 170: 16 Hydrocarbons167On the other hand
Page 171 and 172: 16 Hydrocarbons169SOCIETY, TECHNOLO
Page 173 and 174: 16 Hydrocarbons171Exercise1. The mo
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines(5)(6)(7
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines189CH 3I
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines191Anili
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesThis rea
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesAlkylati
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines197Key P
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17 Alkyl Halides and Aminesiv. Tert
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