Chemistry

Recommendations

Info

90Ethene, for example, is oxidised to ethane-1,2-diol.14 d and f - block elements transition elementsThe oxygen in square brackets is taken to mean "oxygen from an oxidising agent". Thisabbreviated form of the equation is most commonly used in organic chemistry. You are veryunlikely to have to write the complete ionic equation for this reaction at this level.To be honest, this isn't a good test for a carbon-carbon double bond, because anythingwhich is even mildly reducing would have the same effect on the potassium manganate(VII)solution.You could, however, use this reaction simply as a means of making the diol.In the Oxidation of Aromatic side ChainsAlkaline potassium manganate(VII) solution oxidises any hydrocarbon side chain attached to abenzene ring back to a single -COOH group. Prolonged heating is necessary.For example:In the case of the ethyl side chain, you willalso get carbon dioxide. With longer side chains,you will get all sorts of mixtures of other products- but in each case, the main product will bebenzoic acid.Using Potassium Manganate(VII) as anOxidising Agent in TitrationsBackgroundFig.14.21Potassium manganate(VII) solution is usedto find the concentration of all sorts of reducing agents. It is always used in acidic solution.For example, it oxidisesiron(II) ions to iron(III) ionshydrogen peroxide solution to oxygenethanedioic acid to carbon dioxide (This reaction has to be done hot.)sulphite ions (sulphate(IV) ions) to sulphate ions (sulphate(VI) ions)In each case, the half-equation for the manganate(VII) ions in acidic solution is:
14 d and f - block elements transition elementsThese equations can be combined to give you an overall ionic equation for each possiblereaction. That, of course, also gives you the reacting proportions.For example, when the equations are combined, you find that 1 mole of MnO4 - ions reactwith 5 moles of Fe 2+ ions. Having got that information, the titration calculations are just like anyother ones.Doing the TitrationThe potassium manganate(VII) solution always goes into the burette, and the other solutionin the flask is acidified with dilute sulphuric acid.As the potassium manganate(VII) solution is run into the flask it becomes colourless. Theend point is the first faint trace of permanent pink colour in the solution showing that there is atiny excess of manganate(VII) ions present.Problems with the use of Potassium Manganate(VII) SolutionThere are two things you need to be aware of:Potassium manganate(VII) can't be used in titrations in the presence of ions like chlorideor bromide which it oxidises. An unknown amount of the potassium manganate(VII) wouldbe used in side reactions, and so the titration result would be inaccurate.This is why you do not acidify the solution with hydrochloric acid.Potassium manganate(VII) isn't a primary standard. That means that it can't bemade up to give a stable solution of accurately known concentration.It is so strongly coloured that it is impossible to see when all the crystals you have usedhave dissolved, and over a period of time it oxidises the water it is dissolved in to oxygen.Bottles of potassium manganate(VII) solution usually have a brown precipitate around thetop. This is manganese(IV) oxide - and is produced when the manganate(VII) ions reactwith the water.You have to make up a solution which is approximately what you want, and thenstandardise it by doing a titration. This is often done with ethanedioic acid solution, because thisis a primary standard.911. Give half equation for manganate (VII) ion in acid solution.2. Write equation for oxidation of oxalic acid.3. How can you convert toluene into benzoic acid?4. Write equation of reactin of hexaaquamanganate(II) with –OH ion. What color changeis ovserved.14.4.4 IronQuick QuizIn this topic we will discuss:(i) Oxidation state
Page 1:
Textbook ofChemistryGrade 12
Page 4 and 5:
OUR MOTTOStandards Outcomes Access
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTSNo. Chapter Name P. No.1314
Page 9 and 10:
13 s and p - Block ElementsP [Ne] 3
Page 11 and 12:
913 s and p - Block Elements(b) Phy
Page 13 and 14:
13 s and p - Block ElementsArgonArg
Page 15 and 16:
13 s and p - Block ElementsSulphurS
Page 17 and 18:
13 s and p - Block ElementsThose ox
Page 19 and 20:
13 s and p - Block Elements17Fig 13
Page 21 and 22:
13 s and p - Block ElementsWith hot
Page 23 and 24:
13 s and p - Block ElementsChlorine
Page 25 and 26:
13 s and p - Block ElementsThe alum
Page 27 and 28:
13 s and p - Block Elements13.1.6 H
Page 29 and 30:
13 s and p - Block ElementsNotice t
Page 31 and 32:
13 s and p - Block ElementsThe tabl
Page 33 and 34:
13 s and p - Block ElementsIf the t
Page 35 and 36:
13 s and p - Block ElementsRb red (
Page 37 and 38:
I2I1 + I213 s and p - Block Element
Page 39 and 40:
13 s and p - Block ElementsCalcium,
Page 41 and 42: 13 s and p - Block ElementsThis is
Page 43 and 44: 13 s and p - Block Elements9. Behav
Page 45 and 46: 13 s and p - Block Elements13.4.2 T
Page 47 and 48: 13 s and p - Block ElementsThis fir
Page 49 and 50: 13 s and p - Block ElementsWe know
Page 51 and 52: 13 s and p - Block ElementsCarbon a
Page 53 and 54: 13 s and p - Block Elements51Quick
Page 55 and 56: 13 s and p - Block ElementsIt has b
Page 57 and 58: 13 s and p - Block Elements55Quick
Page 59 and 60: 13 s and p - Block ElementsOpen-Hea
Page 61 and 62: 13 s and p - Block Elementstoxicity
Page 63 and 64: 13 s and p - Block Elementsviii. Wh
Page 65 and 66: 13 s and p - Block Elements(c) Why
Page 67 and 68: 14 d and f - block elements transit
Page 91: 14 d and f - block elements transit
Page 103 and 104: v14 d and f - block elements transi
Page 105 and 106: 15 Organic Compounds15.1 SOURCES OF
Page 107 and 108: 15 Organic Compounds1053. Melting a
Page 109 and 110: 15 Organic Compounds107Quick Quiz1.
Page 111 and 112: 15 Organic CompoundsNitrileMethyle
Page 113 and 114: 15 Organic Compounds6. There is a g
Page 115 and 116: 15 Organic Compounds113C) Detection
Page 117 and 118: 15 Organic Compounds115iii. Which o
Page 119 and 120: 16 Hydrocarbons11716.1 TYPES OF HYD
Page 121 and 122: 16 Hydrocarbons119orororQuick Quiz1
Page 123 and 124: 16 Hydrocarbons1213-Ethyl-2,3,5-tri
Page 125 and 126: 16 Hydrocarbons123(b) Alkanes are n
Page 127 and 128: 16 Hydrocarbons125II. CycloalkanesA
Page 129 and 130: 16 Hydrocarbons127shown again below
Page 131 and 132: 16 Hydrocarbons129Activity1. Name t
Page 133 and 134: 16 Hydrocarbons1312. Dehydrohalogen
Page 135 and 136: 16 Hydrocarbons133HydrationAddition
Page 137 and 138: 16 Hydrocarbons135PolymerizationPol
Page 139 and 140: 16 Hydrocarbons137benzeneconjugated
Page 141 and 142: 16 Hydrocarbons13916.6.2 Carbon-Bas
Page 143 and 144:
16 Hydrocarbons141(+)Tartaric Acid:
Page 145 and 146:
16 Hydrocarbons143No geometrical is
Page 147 and 148:
16 Hydrocarbons1451) MetamerismThis
Page 149 and 150:
16 Hydrocarbons147(b)(c)(d)(e)16.7.
Page 151 and 152:
16 Hydrocarbons149terminal alkyne p
Page 153 and 154:
16 Hydrocarbons151BrominationChlori
Page 155 and 156:
16 Hydrocarbons153CumeneDisubstitut
Page 157 and 158:
16 Hydrocarbons155These are two equ
Page 159 and 160:
16 Hydrocarbons157Thus molecule of
Page 161 and 162:
16 Hydrocarbons159(c) Addition of H
Page 163 and 164:
16 Hydrocarbons161Explanation and E
Page 165 and 166:
16 Hydrocarbons163SulfonationThe in
Page 167 and 168:
16 Hydrocarbons165Friedel-Crafts Al
Page 169 and 170:
16 Hydrocarbons167On the other hand
Page 171 and 172:
16 Hydrocarbons169SOCIETY, TECHNOLO
Page 173 and 174:
16 Hydrocarbons171Exercise1. The mo
Page 175 and 176:
16 Hydrocarbons1732. How will you p
Page 177 and 178:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines175(ii)
Page 179 and 180:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines17.1.3.
Page 181 and 182:
17917 Alkyl Halides and AminesThe e
Page 183 and 184:
17 Alkyl Halides and AminesMechanis
Page 185 and 186:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines(5)(6)(7
Page 187 and 188:
17 Alkyl Halides and AminesThe atta
Page 189 and 190:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines1871. Wh
Page 191 and 192:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines189CH 3I
Page 193 and 194:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines191Anili
Page 195 and 196:
17 Alkyl Halides and AminesThis rea
Page 197 and 198:
17 Alkyl Halides and AminesAlkylati
Page 199 and 200:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines197Key P
Page 201:
17 Alkyl Halides and Aminesiv. Tert
show all

Chemistry

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?