Chemistry

Recommendations

Info

3013 s and p – Block ElementsProperties: Normal oxides (O 2- ) react with H2O to form hydroxides by proton exchange.Gains protonLoses protonThe peroxides (O2 2- ) and superoxides (O 2- ) are strong oxidising agents and react with H2O togive H2O2 and O2.Normal oxides have anti-fluorite structure and are ionic in nature since they containmonoxide in, O 2- Peroxides contain peroxide ion, O2 2- or [-O-O] 2- .The super oxide ion has a three electron bond as shown below:The presence of one unpaired electron in it makes this in paramagnetic and coloured.Reactions of the Oxides with Water and Dilute AcidsI. The simple oxides, X2OReaction with WaterThese are simple basic oxides, reacting with water to give the metal hydroxide. Forexample, lithium oxide reacts with water to give a colourless solution of lithium hydroxide.Reaction with dilute AcidsThese simple oxides all react with an acid to give a salt and water. For example, sodiumoxide will react with dilute hydrochloric acid to give colourless sodium chloride solution andwater.II. The peroxides, X2O2Reaction with WaterIf the reaction is done in ice cold (and the temperature controlled so that it doesn't rise eventhough these reactions are strongly exothermic), a solution of the metal hydroxide and hydrogenperoxide is formed.
13 s and p – Block ElementsIf the temperature increases (as it inevitably will unless the peroxide is added to water veryslowly), the hydrogen peroxide produced decomposes into water and oxygen. The reaction canbe very violent overall.Reaction with dilute AcidsThese reactions are even more exothermic than the ones with water. A solution containinga salt and hydrogen peroxide is formed. The hydrogen peroxide will decompose to give waterand oxygen if the temperature rises again, it is almost impossible to avoid this. Anotherpotentially violent reaction!31III. The Superoxides, XO2Reaction with WaterThis time, a solution of the metal hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide is formed, but oxygengas is given off as well. Once again, these are strongly exothermic reactions and the heatproduced will inevitably decompose the hydrogen peroxide to water and more oxygen. Againviolent!Reaction with dilute AcidsAgain, these reactions are even more exothermic than the ones with water. A solutioncontaining a salt and hydrogen peroxide is formed together with oxygen gas. The hydrogenperoxide will again decompose to give water and oxygen as the temperature rises. Violent!13.2.4 Reactions of the Elements with ChlorineSodium burns with an intense orange flame in chlorine is exactly the same way that it doesin pure oxygen. The rest also behave the same in both gases.In each case, there is a white solid residue which is the simple chloride, XCl. There isnothing in any way complicated about these reactions!2X Cl 2XCl213.2.5. Effect of heat on Nitrates, Carbonates and Hydrogen-CarbonatesI. The FactsGroup 1 compounds are more stable to heat than the corresponding compounds in Group 2 Youwill often find that the lithium compounds behave similarly to Group 2 compounds, but the restof Group 1 are in some way different.Nature of Carbonates, Bicarbonates and NitratesThe carbonates (M2CO3) and bicarbonates (MHCO3) are highly stable to heat. Withincrease of electropositive character from Li to Cs, the stability of these salts increases.Their nitrates decompose on strong heating to the corresponding nitrite and O2, (Exceptionis LiNO3).
Page 1: Textbook ofChemistryGrade 12
Page 4 and 5: OUR MOTTOStandards Outcomes Access
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSNo. Chapter Name P. No.1314
Page 9 and 10: 13 s and p - Block ElementsP [Ne] 3
Page 11 and 12: 913 s and p - Block Elements(b) Phy
Page 13 and 14: 13 s and p - Block ElementsArgonArg
Page 15 and 16: 13 s and p - Block ElementsSulphurS
Page 17 and 18: 13 s and p - Block ElementsThose ox
Page 19 and 20: 13 s and p - Block Elements17Fig 13
Page 21 and 22: 13 s and p - Block ElementsWith hot
Page 23 and 24: 13 s and p - Block ElementsChlorine
Page 25 and 26: 13 s and p - Block ElementsThe alum
Page 27 and 28: 13 s and p - Block Elements13.1.6 H
Page 29 and 30: 13 s and p - Block ElementsNotice t
Page 31: 13 s and p - Block ElementsThe tabl
Page 35 and 36: 13 s and p - Block ElementsRb red (
Page 37 and 38: I2I1 + I213 s and p - Block Element
Page 39 and 40: 13 s and p - Block ElementsCalcium,
Page 41 and 42: 13 s and p - Block ElementsThis is
Page 43 and 44: 13 s and p - Block Elements9. Behav
Page 45 and 46: 13 s and p - Block Elements13.4.2 T
Page 47 and 48: 13 s and p - Block ElementsThis fir
Page 49 and 50: 13 s and p - Block ElementsWe know
Page 51 and 52: 13 s and p - Block ElementsCarbon a
Page 53 and 54: 13 s and p - Block Elements51Quick
Page 55 and 56: 13 s and p - Block ElementsIt has b
Page 57 and 58: 13 s and p - Block Elements55Quick
Page 59 and 60: 13 s and p - Block ElementsOpen-Hea
Page 61 and 62: 13 s and p - Block Elementstoxicity
Page 63 and 64: 13 s and p - Block Elementsviii. Wh
Page 65 and 66: 13 s and p - Block Elements(c) Why
Page 67 and 68: 14 d and f - block elements transit
Page 83 and 84:
14 d and f - block elements transit
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
v14 d and f - block elements transi
Page 105 and 106:
15 Organic Compounds15.1 SOURCES OF
Page 107 and 108:
15 Organic Compounds1053. Melting a
Page 109 and 110:
15 Organic Compounds107Quick Quiz1.
Page 111 and 112:
15 Organic CompoundsNitrileMethyle
Page 113 and 114:
15 Organic Compounds6. There is a g
Page 115 and 116:
15 Organic Compounds113C) Detection
Page 117 and 118:
15 Organic Compounds115iii. Which o
Page 119 and 120:
16 Hydrocarbons11716.1 TYPES OF HYD
Page 121 and 122:
16 Hydrocarbons119orororQuick Quiz1
Page 123 and 124:
16 Hydrocarbons1213-Ethyl-2,3,5-tri
Page 125 and 126:
16 Hydrocarbons123(b) Alkanes are n
Page 127 and 128:
16 Hydrocarbons125II. CycloalkanesA
Page 129 and 130:
16 Hydrocarbons127shown again below
Page 131 and 132:
16 Hydrocarbons129Activity1. Name t
Page 133 and 134:
16 Hydrocarbons1312. Dehydrohalogen
Page 135 and 136:
16 Hydrocarbons133HydrationAddition
Page 137 and 138:
16 Hydrocarbons135PolymerizationPol
Page 139 and 140:
16 Hydrocarbons137benzeneconjugated
Page 141 and 142:
16 Hydrocarbons13916.6.2 Carbon-Bas
Page 143 and 144:
16 Hydrocarbons141(+)Tartaric Acid:
Page 145 and 146:
16 Hydrocarbons143No geometrical is
Page 147 and 148:
16 Hydrocarbons1451) MetamerismThis
Page 149 and 150:
16 Hydrocarbons147(b)(c)(d)(e)16.7.
Page 151 and 152:
16 Hydrocarbons149terminal alkyne p
Page 153 and 154:
16 Hydrocarbons151BrominationChlori
Page 155 and 156:
16 Hydrocarbons153CumeneDisubstitut
Page 157 and 158:
16 Hydrocarbons155These are two equ
Page 159 and 160:
16 Hydrocarbons157Thus molecule of
Page 161 and 162:
16 Hydrocarbons159(c) Addition of H
Page 163 and 164:
16 Hydrocarbons161Explanation and E
Page 165 and 166:
16 Hydrocarbons163SulfonationThe in
Page 167 and 168:
16 Hydrocarbons165Friedel-Crafts Al
Page 169 and 170:
16 Hydrocarbons167On the other hand
Page 171 and 172:
16 Hydrocarbons169SOCIETY, TECHNOLO
Page 173 and 174:
16 Hydrocarbons171Exercise1. The mo
Page 175 and 176:
16 Hydrocarbons1732. How will you p
Page 177 and 178:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines175(ii)
Page 179 and 180:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines17.1.3.
Page 181 and 182:
17917 Alkyl Halides and AminesThe e
Page 183 and 184:
17 Alkyl Halides and AminesMechanis
Page 185 and 186:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines(5)(6)(7
Page 187 and 188:
17 Alkyl Halides and AminesThe atta
Page 189 and 190:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines1871. Wh
Page 191 and 192:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines189CH 3I
Page 193 and 194:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines191Anili
Page 195 and 196:
17 Alkyl Halides and AminesThis rea
Page 197 and 198:
17 Alkyl Halides and AminesAlkylati
Page 199 and 200:
17 Alkyl Halides and Amines197Key P
Page 201:
17 Alkyl Halides and Aminesiv. Tert
show all

Chemistry

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?