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16016 HydrocarbonsThis is commercial method for the preparation of maleic anhydride. Benzene is not oxidized byKMnO4 or K2Cr2O7.(ii) Combustion:When benzene is burnt in the presence of air or oxygen, CO2 and H2O are produced, just likeother aliphatic hydrocarbons(iii) Ozonolysis:Benzene reacts with ozone and gives glyoxal. First of all triozonide is produced as anintermediate(iv) Oxidation of side chain:Alkyl groups present in the benzene ring areoxidized into carboxylic groups. The oxidizingagents are:1. KMnO4 + H2SO42. K2Cr2O7 + H2SO43. Dil. HNO3Conclusion:When both methyl groups are oxidized andbenzene ring remains unaffected, then itmeans that benzene ring is stable towardsoxidizing agents.Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution ReactionsGeneral IntroductionThe pi-electrons of benzene are highly stabilized due to resonance. They are not readilyavailable for the electrophilic attack like the electros of alkenes. They do not assist in the attackof weak electrophiles. Hence more powerful electrophiles are required for a successful attack topenetrate and break the continuous sheath of electron cloud in benzene.
16 Hydrocarbons161Explanation and Example:Substitution of halogen in benzene requires iron or corresponding ferric halide as catalyst. Itreacts with halogen molecule to produce a powerful electrophile:1. Formation of a strong electrophile (X + )2Fe + 3X2 2FeX3FeX3 + X2 FeX - 4 + X +Tetra haloferrate ion (III) Halogenoium ion2. Attack of electrophile at pi-bond:The halogenation ion thus produced attacks as a powerful electrophile on the electrons ofbenzene ring.X FeX X FeX2 34It had benzene unstable. The stability is retained by the removal of H + ion to give substitutionproduct.General Pattern of SubstitutionThe general pattern of the chemical reactivity of benzene towards electrophiles can be shownas follows.Substitution is preferred over addition in order to preserve the stable aromatic character
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Textbook ofChemistryGrade 12
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OUR MOTTOStandards Outcomes Access
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CONTENTSNo. Chapter Name P. No.1314
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13 s and p - Block ElementsP [Ne] 3
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913 s and p - Block Elements(b) Phy
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13 s and p - Block ElementsArgonArg
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13 s and p - Block ElementsSulphurS
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThose ox
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13 s and p - Block Elements17Fig 13
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13 s and p - Block ElementsChlorine
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThe alum
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I2I1 + I213 s and p - Block Element
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13 s and p - Block ElementsCalcium,
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThis is
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13 s and p - Block Elements9. Behav
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v14 d and f - block elements transi
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15 Organic Compounds15.1 SOURCES OF
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15 Organic Compounds1053. Melting a
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15 Organic Compounds107Quick Quiz1.
Page 111 and 112: 15 Organic CompoundsNitrileMethyle
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Page 115 and 116: 15 Organic Compounds113C) Detection
Page 117 and 118: 15 Organic Compounds115iii. Which o
Page 119 and 120: 16 Hydrocarbons11716.1 TYPES OF HYD
Page 121 and 122: 16 Hydrocarbons119orororQuick Quiz1
Page 123 and 124: 16 Hydrocarbons1213-Ethyl-2,3,5-tri
Page 125 and 126: 16 Hydrocarbons123(b) Alkanes are n
Page 127 and 128: 16 Hydrocarbons125II. CycloalkanesA
Page 129 and 130: 16 Hydrocarbons127shown again below
Page 131 and 132: 16 Hydrocarbons129Activity1. Name t
Page 133 and 134: 16 Hydrocarbons1312. Dehydrohalogen
Page 135 and 136: 16 Hydrocarbons133HydrationAddition
Page 137 and 138: 16 Hydrocarbons135PolymerizationPol
Page 139 and 140: 16 Hydrocarbons137benzeneconjugated
Page 141 and 142: 16 Hydrocarbons13916.6.2 Carbon-Bas
Page 143 and 144: 16 Hydrocarbons141(+)Tartaric Acid:
Page 145 and 146: 16 Hydrocarbons143No geometrical is
Page 147 and 148: 16 Hydrocarbons1451) MetamerismThis
Page 149 and 150: 16 Hydrocarbons147(b)(c)(d)(e)16.7.
Page 151 and 152: 16 Hydrocarbons149terminal alkyne p
Page 153 and 154: 16 Hydrocarbons151BrominationChlori
Page 155 and 156: 16 Hydrocarbons153CumeneDisubstitut
Page 157 and 158: 16 Hydrocarbons155These are two equ
Page 159 and 160: 16 Hydrocarbons157Thus molecule of
Page 161: 16 Hydrocarbons159(c) Addition of H
Page 165 and 166: 16 Hydrocarbons163SulfonationThe in
Page 167 and 168: 16 Hydrocarbons165Friedel-Crafts Al
Page 169 and 170: 16 Hydrocarbons167On the other hand
Page 171 and 172: 16 Hydrocarbons169SOCIETY, TECHNOLO
Page 173 and 174: 16 Hydrocarbons171Exercise1. The mo
Page 175 and 176: 16 Hydrocarbons1732. How will you p
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Page 191 and 192: 17 Alkyl Halides and Amines189CH 3I
Page 193 and 194: 17 Alkyl Halides and Amines191Anili
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Page 197 and 198: 17 Alkyl Halides and AminesAlkylati
Page 199 and 200: 17 Alkyl Halides and Amines197Key P
Page 201: 17 Alkyl Halides and Aminesiv. Tert
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