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6814 d and f - block elements transition elementsElectronic Distribution of 4d and 5d-Series:The following table shows the electronic distribution of 4d and 5d-block elements. Theelements of the group number VI-B, i.e. Cr group shows the same deviation except W74.Similarly, the elements of the group I-B that is Cu-family also show the deviated distribution.Following table shows the electronic distribution of 3d, 4d, 5d seriesTable 14.3: Electronic Configurations of three Series of d-Block Elements3d-block elements 4d-block elements 5d-block elementsElementsElectronicConfigurationElementsElectronicConfigurationElementsElectronicConfigurationSc (21) [Ar]3d 1 4s 2 Y (39) [Kr]4d 1 5s 2 La (57) [Xe]5d 1 6s 2Ti (22) [Ar]3d 2 4s 2 Zr (40) [Kr]4d 2 5s 2 Hf (72) [Xe]4f 14 5d 2 6s 2V (23) [Ar]3d 3 4s 2 Nb (41) [Kr]4d 4 5s 1 Ta (73) [Xe]4f 14 5d 3 6s 2Cr (24) [Ar]3d 5 4s 1 Mo (42) [Kr]4d 5 5s 1 W (74) [Xe]4f 14 5d 4 6s 2Mn (25) [Ar]3d 5 4s 2 Te (43) [Kr]4d 6 5s 2 Re (75) [Xe]4f 14 5d 5 6s 2Fe (26) [Ar]3d 6 4s 2 Ru (44) [Kr]4d 7 5s 1 Os (76) [Xe]4f 14 5d 6 6s 2Co (27) [Ar]3d 7 4s 2 Rh (45) [Kr]4d 8 5s 1 Ir (77) [Xe]4f 14 5d 7 6s 2Ni (28) [Ar]3d 8 4s 2 Pd (46) [Kr]4d 10 Pt (78) [Xe]4f 14 5d 9 6s 1Cu (29) [Ar]3d 10 4s 1 Ag (47) [Kr]4d 10 5s 1 Au (79) [Xe]4f 14 5d 10 6s 1Zn (30) [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 Cd (48) [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 Hg (80) [Xe]4f 14 5d 10 6s 214.2.3 Binding EnergyIn order to understand the mechanical properties of transition elements, we shouldunderstand the binding energies. Transition elements are tough, malleable and ductile. Thetoughness of the metals is due to greater binding energies.Reason:The s-electron of outermost shell takes part in chemical bonding. Anyhow, along with thatthe electrons of underlying half filled d-orbitals also participate in bonding.Variation in Binding Energies:When we move from left to the right in any d-block series, the number of electrons increaseup to group V-B; that is vanadium family and VI-B i.e. Cr family. After that the pairing of electronstarts. The unpaired electrons become zero at group II-B. It means that binding forces go onincreasing up to Cr and then decrease after that. This is shown for the elements of 3d and 5dseries in the following graph.
14 d and f - block elements transition elements69Fig. 14.2: Atomic number of elements Graphical picture of binding energy of 3 d and 5 d seriesof transition elements (qualitative view)14.2.4 Variable Oxidation StatesTransition elements are electropositive, so they have positive oxidation states. All 3d serieselements show an oxidation state of +2 in addition to higher oxidation states when the electronsof 4s-orbital take part in bonding.They show variable oxidation states. The reason is that they have d-electrons in additionto s-electron for the purpose of bond formation. These elements have several (n-1) d and nselectrons. The energies of (n-1) d and ns orbitals are very close to each other. The (n-1) delectrons are as easily lost as ns electrons. In the highest oxidation states of first five elements,all s and d-electrons are used for bonding.Among the 3d series, Mn has maximum oxidation states, and goes up to +7. The followingtable shows oxidation numbers +2 and +3 are more common. Positive oxidation states increaseup to the middle of series and after that they decrease.Table 14.3
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Textbook ofChemistryGrade 12
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OUR MOTTOStandards Outcomes Access
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CONTENTSNo. Chapter Name P. No.1314
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13 s and p - Block ElementsP [Ne] 3
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913 s and p - Block Elements(b) Phy
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13 s and p - Block ElementsArgonArg
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13 s and p - Block ElementsSulphurS
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13 s and p - Block ElementsThose ox
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16 Hydrocarbons119orororQuick Quiz1
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16 Hydrocarbons1213-Ethyl-2,3,5-tri
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16 Hydrocarbons123(b) Alkanes are n
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16 Hydrocarbons125II. CycloalkanesA
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16 Hydrocarbons127shown again below
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16 Hydrocarbons129Activity1. Name t
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16 Hydrocarbons1312. Dehydrohalogen
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16 Hydrocarbons133HydrationAddition
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16 Hydrocarbons135PolymerizationPol
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16 Hydrocarbons137benzeneconjugated
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16 Hydrocarbons13916.6.2 Carbon-Bas
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16 Hydrocarbons141(+)Tartaric Acid:
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16 Hydrocarbons143No geometrical is
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16 Hydrocarbons1451) MetamerismThis
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16 Hydrocarbons147(b)(c)(d)(e)16.7.
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16 Hydrocarbons149terminal alkyne p
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16 Hydrocarbons151BrominationChlori
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16 Hydrocarbons153CumeneDisubstitut
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16 Hydrocarbons155These are two equ
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16 Hydrocarbons157Thus molecule of
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16 Hydrocarbons159(c) Addition of H
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16 Hydrocarbons161Explanation and E
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16 Hydrocarbons163SulfonationThe in
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16 Hydrocarbons165Friedel-Crafts Al
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16 Hydrocarbons167On the other hand
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16 Hydrocarbons169SOCIETY, TECHNOLO
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16 Hydrocarbons171Exercise1. The mo
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16 Hydrocarbons1732. How will you p
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines175(ii)
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines17.1.3.
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17917 Alkyl Halides and AminesThe e
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesMechanis
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines(5)(6)(7
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesThe atta
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines1871. Wh
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines189CH 3I
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines191Anili
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesThis rea
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17 Alkyl Halides and AminesAlkylati
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17 Alkyl Halides and Amines197Key P
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17 Alkyl Halides and Aminesiv. Tert
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