GTZ Project Document No. 51 Report on Nahi Baseline Survey

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Nahi Baseline Survey April- May 2001and forest expenses, and others. The family living expenses is rated as the most importantarea of expenditure by 33%; as second by 29% and third by 19% of the total householdsinterviewed. While 22% of the farm-household mentioned the annual puja as the mostimportant area of expenditure the school expenses appears to be the most importantexpense area for 10% of the total respondents.In general the family expenses is being mentioned as the most important area of expensesfollowed by the school and annual religious puja (Table 2.4). The family expensesinclude the expenses on the basic food items, clothes, repair of houses and travelexpenses.For many households, school expense is the second most important area of expenditure.This is because most farmers expressed the difficulty to meet the cash expenses for thepurchase of school uniforms and some other personal items required by the school goingkids. They require cash since most of these items are only available from the market.Table 2- 4 Farm household Expenses as rated by the farmersDetailsR1(5 • )R2(3)R3(2)R4(1)TotalscoreOverall expenses(Rank)Family expenses 31 28 18 6 241 1School expenses 9 18 22 3 168 2Puja expenses 21 8 7 1 144 3Crop expenses 1 13 15 12 86 4Others 2 8 4 3 45 5Livestock expenses 1 2 3 5 22 6Forest expenses 2 4 8 7Source: PRA Survey 2001.As mentioned above, for most of the farmers, their perception or comprehension on thehousehold income and expenditure is generally limited to the areas where usually the cashis involved. The ranking of expenses in Table 2.4 clearly reflects the farmers’ notion ofexpenses on the farm. The crop and livestock as the main activities on the farm and as amajor source of income is expected to be an important area of expense at least second orthird if not first. Even in the case study on income and expenses of Ap Dorji in Nabesa, theexpenses for crop and livestock production are not reflected.However, as pointed out earlier, for most of the farmers expenses are often referred to thosewhere payments needs to be made in cash (purchase of school uniforms, books, shoes, meatfor puja, other household utilities like pots, plates, mugs, payment for tax, etc.) wherepayment in kind is not acceptable. The cash is necessary to buy these items, often theamount of cash required may not be very high, but acquiring the required amount is noteasy mainly due to the limited source of cash on the farm. Quite often they have to sellsome amount of crops or livestock products for acquiring the required cash.( • ) Numbers in bracket are scores, R1=Rank 1, R2=Rank 2, etc11
Nahi Baseline Survey April- May 2001Other categories of expenses on the farm include the annual taxes for land, livestock,house and other assets, contributions and donations for communal activities andceremonies.2.2.5 Household consumption patternBasically whatever is produced on the farm is practically consumed or retained on thefarm itself. Through out the valley rice provides the mainstay of the diet. As the mainstaple food crop, rice not only remains as the single most important and preferred foodcrop, but also socially occupies an important place among the family’s dietary system.Therefore, for major part of the year, most households in the valley consume riceespecially during autumn, winter and early part of the spring season. However, sincepaddy is not sufficient for most households, the consumption of rice throughout the yearis not possible for majority of the households.Only 65% of the total farm households have sufficient supply of rice from their farm.About 22% of the total households meet their rice deficiency by purchasing from marketand 13% from neighbours and village lenders. Most households therefore, makenecessary arrangement by other available food crops grown in the area so as to meet theoverall food requirement of the family. The other food crops that form the part of thehouseholds’ dietary system include maize, wheat and barley, which are usually consumedin seasons when households run out of rice stock or at different intervals to prolong theconsumption of the available rice stock.The seasonal consumption pattern of food items (Table 2.5) in the valley reflects rice asthe most preferred crop and it is consumed throughout out the year by all the households(100%) with some wheat, barley and maize at different intervals or seasons. For example,more wheat and barley are consumed in summer by a larger number of farmers, moreimported butter in winter and cooking oil in winter and autumn by some households.Table 2-5 Seasonal consumption patterns of food items by the householdsLocal Local Cooking ImportedRice Wheat Barley Maize butter Cheese oil<strong>No</strong> of farmers 95 64 33 46 69 66 76(100%) (67.2%) (34.7%) (48.3%) (72.5%) (69.3%) (79.8%)Season 0Whole year 95 11 7 6 41 34 33 13Winter 6 4 9 5 8 12 3Autumn 4 9 6 6 12 3Spring 5 3 4 6 6 5 6Summer 34 17 9 8 6 5 7Sometimes 3 2 9 3 6 9 22Source: RRA Survey May 2001butter54(56.7%)Since whatever produced on the farm is not sufficient, some seasonal arrangements arenecessary for most of the households to ensure food supply for the farm family. Besidesfood needs, households also requires inputs like seeds, tools, equipment and others forcarrying out farm activities on time. These are arranged from different sources notably12
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GTZ Project Document No. 51 Report on Nahi Baseline Survey

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