Programming in C

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Exercises 191 struct date { int month; int day; int year; } todaysDate, purchaseDate; defines the structure date and also declares the variables todaysDate and purchaseDate to be of this type.You can also assign initial values to the variables in the normal fashion. Thus, struct date { int month; int day; int year; } todaysDate = { 1, 11, 2005 }; defines the structure date and the variable todaysDate with initial values as indicated. If all of the variables of a particular structure type are defined when the structure is defined, the structure name can be omitted. So the statement struct { int month; int day; int year; } dates[100]; defines an array called dates to consist of 100 elements. Each element is a structure containing three integer members: month, day,and year. Because you did not supply a name to the structure, the only way to subsequently declare variables of the same type is by explicitly defining the structure again. You have seen how structures can be used to conveniently reference groups of data under a single label.You’ve also seen in this chapter how easily you can define arrays of structures and work with them with functions. In the next chapter, you learn how to work with arrays of characters, also known as character strings. Before going on, try the following exercises. Exercises 1. Type in and run the seven programs presented in this chapter. Compare the output produced by each program with the output presented after each program in the text. 2. In certain applications, particularly in the financial area, it is often necessary to calculate the number of elapsed days between two dates. For example, the number of
192 Chapter 9 Working with Structures days between July 2, 2005, and July 16, 2005, is obviously 14. But how many days are there between August 8, 2004, and February 22, 2005? This calculation requires a bit more thought. Luckily, a formula can be used to calculate the number of days between two dates. This is affected by computing the value of N for each of the two dates and then taking the difference, where N is calculated as follows: N = 1461 x f(year, month) / 4 + 153 x g(month) / 5 + day where f(year, month) = year - 1 if month
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Programming in C Third Edition
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Programming in C Third Edition Step
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❖ To my mother and father ❖
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1
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Contents ix Character Arrays 108 Ba
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Contents xi Pointers to Functions 2
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Contents xiii 17 Miscellaneous and
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Contents xv 6.0 Storage Classes and
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Preface It’s hard to believe that
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Acknowledgements I wish to thank th
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1 Introduction THE C PROGRAMMING LA
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Introduction 3 terminology. It also
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6 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals Highe
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8 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals durin
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10 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals the
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12 Chapter 3 Compiling and Running
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22 Chapter 4 Variables, Data Types,
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5 Program Looping IFYOU ARRANGE 15
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The for Statement 45 Program 5.2 Co
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The for Statement 47 When the loop_
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The for Statement 49 constitutes th
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The for Statement 51 The primary ch
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The for Statement 53 Nested for Loo
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The for Statement 55 Multiple Expre
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The while Statement 57 Program 5.6
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The while Statement 59 Program 5.7
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The do Statement 61 do program stat
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Exercises 63 Now that you are famil
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6 Making Decisions IN CHAPTER 5,“
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The if Statement 67 The program was
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The if Statement 69 would do the tr
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The if Statement 71 When writing pr
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The if Statement 73 To illustrate t
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The if Statement 75 Nested if State
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The if Statement 77 separate if sta
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The if Statement 79 Program 6.7 Con
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The if Statement 81 Program 6.8 Con
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The if Statement 83 Program 6.8A Co
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The switch Statement 85 if ( expres
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Boolean Variables 87 switch (operat
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Boolean Variables 89 “off,” its
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The Conditional Operator 91 Program
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Exercises 93 Exercises 1. Type in a
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7 Working with Arrays THE C LANGUAG
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Defining an Array 97 sequences thro
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Defining an Array 99 values [0] 197
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Defining an Array 101 proceeding wi
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Defining an Array 103 As a point of
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Defining an Array 105 the term “p
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Initializing Arrays 107 Arrays of c
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Character Arrays 109 The most notab
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Character Arrays 111 Program 7.7 Co
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Multidimensional Arrays 113 example
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Variable-Length Arrays 115 Pay part
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Exercises 117 than 1 or greater tha
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8 Working with Functions BEHIND ALL
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Defining a Function 121 appears.Thi
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Arguments and Local Variables 123 p
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Arguments and Local Variables 125 w
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Returning Function Results 127 defi
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Returning Function Results 129 In C
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Functions Calling Functions Calling
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Functions and Arrays 137 As you can
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Functions and Arrays 139 Program 8.
Page 162 and 163: Functions and Arrays 141 Program 8.
Page 164 and 165: Functions and Arrays 143 When you w
Page 168 and 169: Functions and Arrays 147 An entire
Page 174 and 175: Global Variables 153 In Program 8.1
Page 176 and 177: Global Variables 155 much improved
Page 178 and 179: Automatic and Static Variables 157
Page 180 and 181: Recursive Functions 159 Recursive F
Page 182 and 183: Recursive Functions 161 With the va
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Page 186 and 187: 9 Working with Structures CHAPTER 7
Page 188 and 189: A Structure for Storing the Date 16
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Page 202 and 203: Initializing Structures 181 sets th
Page 204 and 205: Arrays of Structures 183 Initializa
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Page 208 and 209: Structures Containing Arrays 187 Na
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Page 214: Exercises 193 previously.This funct
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Page 256 and 257: 11 Pointers IN THIS CHAPTER,YOU EXA
Page 258 and 259: Defining a Pointer Variable 237 Pro
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Working with Pointers and Structure
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The Keyword const and Pointers 253
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Pointers and Functions 255 Program
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Pointers and Functions 257 You shou
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Pointers and Arrays 259 displayed.T
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Pointers and Arrays 261 To set text
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Pointers and Arrays 263 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 265 eliminate t
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Pointers and Arrays 267 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 269 just seen,
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Pointers and Arrays 271 Execution o
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Pointers to Functions 273 Program 1
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Pointers and Memory Addresses 275 m
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Exercises 277 8. Write a function c
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280 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits T
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282 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits W
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284 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits B
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286 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits w
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288 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits h
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290 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits I
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292 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits P
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294 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits o
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296 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits }
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298 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits a
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300 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor def
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302 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor By
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304 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor the
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306 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor els
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308 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor are
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310 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor ass
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312 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor The
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314 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sup
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316 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sys
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318 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor wan
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320 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Exe
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322 Chapter 14 More on Data Types d
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324 Chapter 14 More on Data Types P
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326 Chapter 14 More on Data Types T
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328 Chapter 14 More on Data Types 4
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330 Chapter 14 More on Data Types F
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15 Working with Larger Programs THE
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Dividing Your Program into Multiple
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Communication Between Modules 337 v
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Communication Between Modules 339 S
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Communication Between Modules 341 U
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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348 Chapter 16 Input and Output Ope
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374 Chapter 17 Miscellaneous and Ad
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390 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs P
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396 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs Y
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398 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs O
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400 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs L
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406 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs m
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408 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs A
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19 Object-Oriented Programming BECA
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Writing a C Program to Work with Fr
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Defining an Objective-C Class to Wo
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Defining an Objective-C Class to Wo
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Defining a C++ Class to Work with F
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Defining a C++ Class to Work with F
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Defining a C# Class to Work with Fr
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A C Language Summary THIS SECTION S
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3.0 Constants 427 3.0 Constants 3.1
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3.0 Constants 429 In the octal char
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4.0 Data Types and Declarations 431
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5.0 Expressions 439 As an example,
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5.0 Expressions 441 Table A.5 Conti
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5.0 Expressions 443 1. As the value
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5.0 Expressions 445 The usual arith
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5.0 Expressions 447 5.11 sizeof Ope
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5.0 Expressions 449 Pointers to Arr
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5.0 Expressions 451 Types other tha
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6.0 Storage Classes and Scope 453 T
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7.0 Functions 455 int printf (char
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8.0 Statements 457 Execution of a b
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8.0 Statements 459 the null stateme
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9.0 The Preprocessor 461 Table A.7
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9.0 The Preprocessor 463 produces p
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9.0 The Preprocessor 465 In either
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B The Standard C Library THE STANDA
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Standard Header Files 469 This hea
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String Functions 471 char *strerror
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I/O Functions 473 Character Functio
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I/O Functions 475 FILE *fopen (file
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I/O Functions 477 size_t fwrite (bu
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String-to-Number Conversion 479 int
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Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions
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Math Functions 483 int islessequal
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Math Functions 485 double fma (x, y
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Math Functions 487 double remquo (x
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Math Functions 489 double complex c
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General Utility Functions 491 argum
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494 Appendix C Compiling Programs w
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D Common Programming Mistakes THE F
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Common Programming Mistakes 499 7.
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E Resources THIS APPENDIX CONTAINS
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Miscellaneous 503 Visual Studio htt
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Index Symbols \’ (single quote) e
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arrays 507 functions, 122-123 decla
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C language 509 bits, 279 bit fields
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character strings 511 calculating a
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copying 513 Compiling the Debug Cod
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derived data types 515 breakpoint d
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file I/O operations 517 enumerated
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functions 519 formatted I/O operati
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functions 521 I/O, 473-478 fclose(
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grep utility 523 strncat( ), 471 st
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int data type 525 programs Calculat
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macros 527 llround( ) function, 486
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OOP 529 multiple source files, comp
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prime numbers 531 character string
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programs 533 bitwise operators, Ill
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eferencing defined values 535 synta
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statements 537 search methods binar
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summing array elements 539 string_l
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variable-length character strings 5
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Xcode 543 Introducing the while Sta
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