Programming in C

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Compiling Programs 7 that it can be found on many different types of computer systems, and in different “flavors,” such as Linux or Mac OS X. Historically, operating systems were typically associated with only one type of computer system. But because Unix was written primarily in the C language and made very few assumptions about the architecture of the computer, it has been successfully ported to many different computer systems with a relatively small amount of effort. Microsoft Windows XP is another example of a popular operating system.That system is found running primarily on Pentium (or Pentium-compatible) processors. Compiling Programs A compiler is a software program that is, in principle, no different than the ones you will see in this book, although it is certainly much more complex. A compiler analyzes a program developed in a particular computer language and then translates it into a form that is suitable for execution on your particular computer system. Figure 2.1 shows the steps that are involved in entering, compiling, and executing a computer program developed in the C programming language and the typical Unix commands that would be entered from the command line. The program that is to be compiled is first typed into a file on the computer system. Computer installations have various conventions that are used for naming files, but in general, the choice of the name is up to you. C programs can typically be given any name provided the last two characters are “.c” (this is not so much a requirement as it is a convention). So, the name prog1.c might be a valid filename for a C program on your system. A text editor is usually used to enter the C program into a file. For example, vi is a popular text editor used on Unix systems. The program that is entered into the file is known as the source program because it represents the original form of the program expressed in the C language. After the source program has been entered into a file, you can then proceed to have it compiled. The compilation process is initiated by typing a special command on the system. When this command is entered, the name of the file that contains the source program must also be specified. For example, under Unix, the command to initiate program compilation is called cc. If you are using the popular GNU C compiler, the command you use is gcc.Typing the line gcc prog1.c has the effect of initiating the compilation process with the source program contained in prog1.c. In the first step of the compilation process, the compiler examines each program statement contained in the source program and checks it to ensure that it conforms to the syntax and semantics of the language 1 . If any mistakes are discovered by the compiler 1.Technically speaking, the C compiler normally makes a prepass of the program looking for special statements.This preprocessing phase is described in detail in Chapter 13,“The Preprocessor.”
8 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals during this phase, they are reported to the user and the compilation process ends right there.The errors then have to be corrected in the source program (with the use of an editor), and the compilation process must be restarted.Typical errors reported during this phase of compilation might be due to an expression that has unbalanced parentheses (syntactic error), or due to the use of a variable that is not “defined” (semantic error). Start UNIX Command Edit Source program (file.c) vi file.c Compile (and assemble) cc file.c yes no Errors? Object program (file.o) Link Libraries and other object programs Execute Executable object (a.out) a.out no Results OK? yes Done Figure 2.1 Typical steps for entering, compiling, and executing C programs from the command line.
Page 2 and 3: Programming in C Third Edition
Page 4 and 5: Programming in C Third Edition Step
Page 6 and 7: ❖ To my mother and father ❖
Page 8 and 9: Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix Character Arrays 108 Ba
Page 12 and 13: Contents xi Pointers to Functions 2
Page 14 and 15: Contents xiii 17 Miscellaneous and
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv 6.0 Storage Classes and
Page 18 and 19: Preface It’s hard to believe that
Page 20 and 21: Acknowledgements I wish to thank th
Page 22 and 23: 1 Introduction THE C PROGRAMMING LA
Page 24: Introduction 3 terminology. It also
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Page 33 and 34: 12 Chapter 3 Compiling and Running
Page 43 and 44: 22 Chapter 4 Variables, Data Types,
Page 64 and 65: 5 Program Looping IFYOU ARRANGE 15
Page 66 and 67: The for Statement 45 Program 5.2 Co
Page 68 and 69: The for Statement 47 When the loop_
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The while Statement 57 Program 5.6
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The while Statement 59 Program 5.7
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The do Statement 61 do program stat
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Exercises 63 Now that you are famil
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6 Making Decisions IN CHAPTER 5,“
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The if Statement 67 The program was
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The if Statement 69 would do the tr
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The if Statement 71 When writing pr
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The if Statement 73 To illustrate t
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The if Statement 75 Nested if State
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The if Statement 77 separate if sta
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The if Statement 79 Program 6.7 Con
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The if Statement 81 Program 6.8 Con
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The if Statement 83 Program 6.8A Co
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The switch Statement 85 if ( expres
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Boolean Variables 87 switch (operat
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Boolean Variables 89 “off,” its
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The Conditional Operator 91 Program
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Exercises 93 Exercises 1. Type in a
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7 Working with Arrays THE C LANGUAG
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Defining an Array 97 sequences thro
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Defining an Array 99 values [0] 197
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Defining an Array 101 proceeding wi
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Defining an Array 103 As a point of
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Defining an Array 105 the term “p
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Initializing Arrays 107 Arrays of c
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Character Arrays 109 The most notab
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Character Arrays 111 Program 7.7 Co
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Multidimensional Arrays 113 example
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Variable-Length Arrays 115 Pay part
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Exercises 117 than 1 or greater tha
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8 Working with Functions BEHIND ALL
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Defining a Function 121 appears.Thi
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Arguments and Local Variables 123 p
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Arguments and Local Variables 125 w
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Returning Function Results 127 defi
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Returning Function Results 129 In C
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Functions Calling Functions Calling
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Functions and Arrays 137 As you can
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Functions and Arrays 139 Program 8.
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Functions and Arrays 143 When you w
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Functions and Arrays 147 An entire
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Global Variables 153 In Program 8.1
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Global Variables 155 much improved
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Automatic and Static Variables 157
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Recursive Functions 159 Recursive F
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Recursive Functions 161 With the va
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Exercises 163 represents a quadrati
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9 Working with Structures CHAPTER 7
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A Structure for Storing the Date 16
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A Structure for Storing the Date 16
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Functions and Structures 171 end of
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Functions and Structures 173 Progra
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Functions and Structures 177 illust
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Initializing Structures 181 sets th
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Arrays of Structures 183 Initializa
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Structures Containing Structures 18
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Structures Containing Arrays 187 Na
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Structures Containing Arrays 189 Pr
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Exercises 191 struct date { int mon
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Exercises 193 previously.This funct
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196 Chapter 10 Character Strings Ar
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198 Chapter 10 Character Strings Th
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200 Chapter 10 Character Strings Pr
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202 Chapter 10 Character Strings ca
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204 Chapter 10 Character Strings Te
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208 Chapter 10 Character Strings In
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214 Chapter 10 Character Strings of
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216 Chapter 10 Character Strings Es
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218 Chapter 10 Character Strings co
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220 Chapter 10 Character Strings In
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224 Chapter 10 Character Strings No
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228 Chapter 10 Character Strings ca
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232 Chapter 10 Character Strings to
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11 Pointers IN THIS CHAPTER,YOU EXA
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Defining a Pointer Variable 237 Pro
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Using Pointers in Expressions 239 (
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Working with Pointers and Structure
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The Keyword const and Pointers 253
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Pointers and Functions 255 Program
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Pointers and Functions 257 You shou
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Pointers and Arrays 259 displayed.T
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Pointers and Arrays 261 To set text
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Pointers and Arrays 263 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 265 eliminate t
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Pointers and Arrays 267 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 269 just seen,
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Pointers and Arrays 271 Execution o
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Pointers to Functions 273 Program 1
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Pointers and Memory Addresses 275 m
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Exercises 277 8. Write a function c
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280 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits T
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282 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits W
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284 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits B
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286 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits w
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288 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits h
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290 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits I
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292 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits P
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294 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits o
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296 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits }
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298 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits a
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300 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor def
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302 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor By
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304 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor the
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306 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor els
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308 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor are
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310 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor ass
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312 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor The
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314 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sup
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316 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sys
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318 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor wan
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320 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Exe
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322 Chapter 14 More on Data Types d
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324 Chapter 14 More on Data Types P
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326 Chapter 14 More on Data Types T
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328 Chapter 14 More on Data Types 4
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330 Chapter 14 More on Data Types F
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15 Working with Larger Programs THE
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Dividing Your Program into Multiple
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Communication Between Modules 337 v
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Communication Between Modules 339 S
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Communication Between Modules 341 U
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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348 Chapter 16 Input and Output Ope
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374 Chapter 17 Miscellaneous and Ad
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390 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs P
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396 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs Y
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398 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs O
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400 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs L
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406 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs m
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408 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs A
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19 Object-Oriented Programming BECA
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Writing a C Program to Work with Fr
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Defining an Objective-C Class to Wo
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Defining an Objective-C Class to Wo
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Defining a C++ Class to Work with F
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Defining a C++ Class to Work with F
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Defining a C# Class to Work with Fr
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A C Language Summary THIS SECTION S
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3.0 Constants 427 3.0 Constants 3.1
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3.0 Constants 429 In the octal char
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4.0 Data Types and Declarations 431
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5.0 Expressions 439 As an example,
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5.0 Expressions 441 Table A.5 Conti
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5.0 Expressions 443 1. As the value
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5.0 Expressions 445 The usual arith
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5.0 Expressions 447 5.11 sizeof Ope
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5.0 Expressions 449 Pointers to Arr
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5.0 Expressions 451 Types other tha
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6.0 Storage Classes and Scope 453 T
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7.0 Functions 455 int printf (char
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8.0 Statements 457 Execution of a b
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8.0 Statements 459 the null stateme
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9.0 The Preprocessor 461 Table A.7
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9.0 The Preprocessor 463 produces p
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9.0 The Preprocessor 465 In either
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B The Standard C Library THE STANDA
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Standard Header Files 469 This hea
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String Functions 471 char *strerror
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I/O Functions 473 Character Functio
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I/O Functions 475 FILE *fopen (file
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I/O Functions 477 size_t fwrite (bu
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String-to-Number Conversion 479 int
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Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions
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Math Functions 483 int islessequal
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Math Functions 485 double fma (x, y
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Math Functions 487 double remquo (x
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Math Functions 489 double complex c
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General Utility Functions 491 argum
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494 Appendix C Compiling Programs w
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D Common Programming Mistakes THE F
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Common Programming Mistakes 499 7.
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E Resources THIS APPENDIX CONTAINS
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Miscellaneous 503 Visual Studio htt
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Index Symbols \’ (single quote) e
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arrays 507 functions, 122-123 decla
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C language 509 bits, 279 bit fields
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character strings 511 calculating a
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copying 513 Compiling the Debug Cod
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derived data types 515 breakpoint d
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file I/O operations 517 enumerated
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functions 519 formatted I/O operati
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functions 521 I/O, 473-478 fclose(
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grep utility 523 strncat( ), 471 st
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int data type 525 programs Calculat
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macros 527 llround( ) function, 486
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OOP 529 multiple source files, comp
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prime numbers 531 character string
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programs 533 bitwise operators, Ill
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eferencing defined values 535 synta
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statements 537 search methods binar
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summing array elements 539 string_l
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variable-length character strings 5
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Xcode 543 Introducing the while Sta
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