Programming in C

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C Compiling Programs with gcc THIS APPENDIX SUMMARIZES SOME OF THE more commonly used gcc options. For information about all command-line options, under Unix, type the command man gcc. You can also visit the gcc Web site, http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs,for complete online documentation. This appendix summarizes the command-line options available in gcc,release 3.3, and does not cover extensions added by other vendors, such as Apple Computer, Inc. General Command Format The general format of the gcc command is gcc [options] file [file …] Items enclosed in square brackets are optional. Each file in the list is compiled by the gcc compiler. Normally, this involves preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking. Command-line options can be used to alter this sequence. The suffix of each input file determines the way the file is interpreted.This can be overridden with the –x command-line option (consult the gcc documentation).Table C.1 contains a list of common suffixes. Table C.1 Suffix Common Source File Suffixes Meaning .c C language source file .cc, .cpp C++ language source file .h Header file .m Objective-C source file .pl Perl source file .o Object (precompiled file)
494 Appendix C Compiling Programs with gcc Command-Line Options Table C.2 contains a list of common options used for compiling C programs. Table C.2 Commonly Used gcc Options Option Meaning Example --help Displays summary of common gcc --help command-line options. -c Does not link the files, saves the gcc –c object files using .o for the enumerator.c suffix of each object file. -dumpversion Displays current version of gcc. gcc -dumpversion -g Includes debugging information, gcc –g testprog.c typically for use with gdb (use –o testprog –ggdb if multiple debuggers are supported). -D id In the first case, defines the identifier gcc –D DEBUG=3 -D id=value id to the preprocessor with value 1. test.c In the second case, defines the identifier id and sets its value to value. -E Just preprocesses files and writes results gcc –E to standard output; useful for examining enumerator.c the results of preprocessing. -I dir Adds directory dir to the list of gcc –I /users/ directories to be searched for header steve/include x.c files; this directory is searched before other standard directories. -llibrary Resolves library references against the gcc file specified by library.This option mathfuncs.c -lm should be specified after the files that need functions from the library.The linker searches standard places (see the –L option) for a file named liblibrary.a. -L dir Adds directory dir to the list of directories gcc –L /users/ to be searched for library files.This directory steve/lib x.c is searched first before other standard directories. -o execfile Places the executable file in the file named gcc dbtest.c –o execfile. dbtest
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Programming in C Third Edition
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Programming in C Third Edition Step
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❖ To my mother and father ❖
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1
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Contents ix Character Arrays 108 Ba
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Contents xi Pointers to Functions 2
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Contents xiii 17 Miscellaneous and
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Contents xv 6.0 Storage Classes and
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Preface It’s hard to believe that
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Acknowledgements I wish to thank th
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1 Introduction THE C PROGRAMMING LA
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Introduction 3 terminology. It also
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6 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals Highe
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8 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals durin
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10 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals the
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12 Chapter 3 Compiling and Running
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22 Chapter 4 Variables, Data Types,
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5 Program Looping IFYOU ARRANGE 15
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The for Statement 45 Program 5.2 Co
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The for Statement 47 When the loop_
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The for Statement 49 constitutes th
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The for Statement 51 The primary ch
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The for Statement 53 Nested for Loo
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The for Statement 55 Multiple Expre
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The while Statement 57 Program 5.6
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The while Statement 59 Program 5.7
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The do Statement 61 do program stat
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Exercises 63 Now that you are famil
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6 Making Decisions IN CHAPTER 5,“
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The if Statement 67 The program was
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The if Statement 69 would do the tr
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The if Statement 71 When writing pr
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The if Statement 73 To illustrate t
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The if Statement 75 Nested if State
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The if Statement 77 separate if sta
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The if Statement 79 Program 6.7 Con
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The if Statement 81 Program 6.8 Con
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The if Statement 83 Program 6.8A Co
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The switch Statement 85 if ( expres
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Boolean Variables 87 switch (operat
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Boolean Variables 89 “off,” its
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The Conditional Operator 91 Program
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Exercises 93 Exercises 1. Type in a
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7 Working with Arrays THE C LANGUAG
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Defining an Array 97 sequences thro
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Defining an Array 99 values [0] 197
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Defining an Array 101 proceeding wi
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Defining an Array 103 As a point of
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Defining an Array 105 the term “p
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Initializing Arrays 107 Arrays of c
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Character Arrays 109 The most notab
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Character Arrays 111 Program 7.7 Co
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Multidimensional Arrays 113 example
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Variable-Length Arrays 115 Pay part
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Exercises 117 than 1 or greater tha
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8 Working with Functions BEHIND ALL
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Defining a Function 121 appears.Thi
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Arguments and Local Variables 123 p
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Arguments and Local Variables 125 w
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Returning Function Results 127 defi
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Returning Function Results 129 In C
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Functions Calling Functions Calling
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Functions and Arrays 137 As you can
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Functions and Arrays 139 Program 8.
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Functions and Arrays 143 When you w
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Functions and Arrays 147 An entire
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Global Variables 153 In Program 8.1
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Global Variables 155 much improved
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Automatic and Static Variables 157
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Recursive Functions 159 Recursive F
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Recursive Functions 161 With the va
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Exercises 163 represents a quadrati
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9 Working with Structures CHAPTER 7
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A Structure for Storing the Date 16
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A Structure for Storing the Date 16
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Functions and Structures 171 end of
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Functions and Structures 173 Progra
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Functions and Structures 177 illust
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Initializing Structures 181 sets th
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Arrays of Structures 183 Initializa
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Structures Containing Structures 18
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Structures Containing Arrays 187 Na
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Structures Containing Arrays 189 Pr
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Exercises 191 struct date { int mon
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Exercises 193 previously.This funct
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196 Chapter 10 Character Strings Ar
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198 Chapter 10 Character Strings Th
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200 Chapter 10 Character Strings Pr
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202 Chapter 10 Character Strings ca
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204 Chapter 10 Character Strings Te
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208 Chapter 10 Character Strings In
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214 Chapter 10 Character Strings of
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216 Chapter 10 Character Strings Es
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218 Chapter 10 Character Strings co
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220 Chapter 10 Character Strings In
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224 Chapter 10 Character Strings No
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228 Chapter 10 Character Strings ca
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232 Chapter 10 Character Strings to
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11 Pointers IN THIS CHAPTER,YOU EXA
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Defining a Pointer Variable 237 Pro
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Using Pointers in Expressions 239 (
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Working with Pointers and Structure
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The Keyword const and Pointers 253
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Pointers and Functions 255 Program
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Pointers and Functions 257 You shou
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Pointers and Arrays 259 displayed.T
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Pointers and Arrays 261 To set text
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Pointers and Arrays 263 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 265 eliminate t
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Pointers and Arrays 267 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 269 just seen,
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Pointers and Arrays 271 Execution o
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Pointers to Functions 273 Program 1
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Pointers and Memory Addresses 275 m
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Exercises 277 8. Write a function c
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280 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits T
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282 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits W
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284 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits B
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286 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits w
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288 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits h
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290 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits I
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292 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits P
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294 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits o
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296 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits }
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298 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits a
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300 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor def
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302 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor By
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304 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor the
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306 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor els
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308 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor are
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310 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor ass
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312 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor The
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314 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sup
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316 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sys
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318 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor wan
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320 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Exe
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322 Chapter 14 More on Data Types d
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324 Chapter 14 More on Data Types P
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326 Chapter 14 More on Data Types T
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328 Chapter 14 More on Data Types 4
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330 Chapter 14 More on Data Types F
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15 Working with Larger Programs THE
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Dividing Your Program into Multiple
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Communication Between Modules 337 v
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Communication Between Modules 339 S
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Communication Between Modules 341 U
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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348 Chapter 16 Input and Output Ope
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374 Chapter 17 Miscellaneous and Ad
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390 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs P
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396 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs Y
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398 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs O
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400 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs L
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406 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs m
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408 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs A
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19 Object-Oriented Programming BECA
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Writing a C Program to Work with Fr
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Defining an Objective-C Class to Wo
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Defining an Objective-C Class to Wo
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Defining a C++ Class to Work with F
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Defining a C++ Class to Work with F
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Defining a C# Class to Work with Fr
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A C Language Summary THIS SECTION S
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3.0 Constants 427 3.0 Constants 3.1
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3.0 Constants 429 In the octal char
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4.0 Data Types and Declarations 431
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5.0 Expressions 439 As an example,
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Page 470 and 471: 5.0 Expressions 449 Pointers to Arr
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Page 474 and 475: 6.0 Storage Classes and Scope 453 T
Page 476 and 477: 7.0 Functions 455 int printf (char
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Page 488 and 489: B The Standard C Library THE STANDA
Page 490 and 491: Standard Header Files 469 This hea
Page 492 and 493: String Functions 471 char *strerror
Page 494 and 495: I/O Functions 473 Character Functio
Page 496 and 497: I/O Functions 475 FILE *fopen (file
Page 498 and 499: I/O Functions 477 size_t fwrite (bu
Page 500 and 501: String-to-Number Conversion 479 int
Page 502 and 503: Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions
Page 504 and 505: Math Functions 483 int islessequal
Page 506 and 507: Math Functions 485 double fma (x, y
Page 508 and 509: Math Functions 487 double remquo (x
Page 510 and 511: Math Functions 489 double complex c
Page 512: General Utility Functions 491 argum
Page 518 and 519: D Common Programming Mistakes THE F
Page 520 and 521: Common Programming Mistakes 499 7.
Page 522 and 523: E Resources THIS APPENDIX CONTAINS
Page 524 and 525: Miscellaneous 503 Visual Studio htt
Page 526 and 527: Index Symbols \’ (single quote) e
Page 528 and 529: arrays 507 functions, 122-123 decla
Page 530 and 531: C language 509 bits, 279 bit fields
Page 532 and 533: character strings 511 calculating a
Page 534 and 535: copying 513 Compiling the Debug Cod
Page 536 and 537: derived data types 515 breakpoint d
Page 538 and 539: file I/O operations 517 enumerated
Page 540 and 541: functions 519 formatted I/O operati
Page 542 and 543: functions 521 I/O, 473-478 fclose(
Page 544 and 545: grep utility 523 strncat( ), 471 st
Page 546 and 547: int data type 525 programs Calculat
Page 548 and 549: macros 527 llround( ) function, 486
Page 550 and 551: OOP 529 multiple source files, comp
Page 552 and 553: prime numbers 531 character string
Page 554 and 555: programs 533 bitwise operators, Ill
Page 556 and 557: eferencing defined values 535 synta
Page 558 and 559: statements 537 search methods binar
Page 560 and 561: summing array elements 539 string_l
Page 562 and 563: variable-length character strings 5
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Xcode 543 Introducing the while Sta
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