Programming in C

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Compiling Programs 9 When all the syntactic and semantic errors have been removed from the program, the compiler then proceeds to take each statement of the program and translate it into a “lower” form. On most systems, this means that each statement is translated by the compiler into the equivalent statement or statements in assembly language needed to perform the identical task. After the program has been translated into an equivalent assembly language program, the next step in the compilation process is to translate the assembly language statements into actual machine instructions.This step might or might not involve the execution of a separate program known as an assembler. On most systems, the assembler is executed automatically as part of the compilation process. The assembler takes each assembly language statement and converts it into a binary format known as object code, which is then written into another file on the system.This file typically has the same name as the source file under Unix, with the last letter an “o” (for object) instead of a “c”. Under Windows, the suffix letters "obj" typically replace the “c” in the filename. After the program has been translated into object code, it is ready to be linked. This process is once again performed automatically whenever the cc or gcc command is issued under Unix.The purpose of the linking phase is to get the program into a final form for execution on the computer. If the program uses other programs that were previously processed by the compiler, then during this phase the programs are linked together. Programs that are used from the system’s program library are also searched and linked together with the object program during this phase. The process of compiling and linking a program is often called building. The final linked file, which is in an executable object code format, is stored in another file on the system, ready to be run or executed. Under Unix, this file is called a.out by default. Under Windows, the executable file usually has the same name as the source file, with the c extension replaced by an exe extension. To subsequently execute the program, all you do is type in the name of the executable object file. So, the command a.out has the effect of loading the program called a.out into the computer’s memory and initiating its execution. When the program is executed, each of the statements of the program is sequentially executed in turn. If the program requests any data from the user, known as input, the program temporarily suspends its execution so that the input can be entered. Or, the program might simply wait for an event, such as a mouse being clicked, to occur. Results that are displayed by the program, known as output, appear in a window, sometimes called the console. Or, the output might be directly written to a file on the system. If all goes well (and it probably won’t the first time the program is executed), the program performs its intended functions. If the program does not produce the desired results, it is necessary to go back and reanalyze the program’s logic.This is known as the debugging phase, during which an attempt is made to remove all the known problems or bugs from the program.To do this, it will most likely be necessary to make changes to
10 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals the original source program. In that case, the entire process of compiling, linking, and executing the program must be repeated until the desired results are obtained. Integrated Development Environments The individual steps involved in developing C programs were outlined earlier, showing typical commands that would be entered for each step.This process of editing, compiling, running, and debugging programs is often managed by a single integrated application known as an Integrated Development Environment, or IDE for short. An IDE is a windows-based program that allows you to easily manage large software programs, edit files in windows, and compile, link, run, and debug your programs. On Mac OS X, CodeWarrior and Xcode are two IDEs that are used by many programmers. Under Windows, Microsoft Visual Studio is a good example of a popular IDE. Kylix is a popular IDE for developing applications under Linux. All the IDE applications greatly simplify the entire process involved in program development so it is worth your while to learn how to use one. Most IDEs also support program development in several different programming languages in addition to C, such as C# and C++. For more information about IDEs, consult Appendix E,“Resources.” Language Interpreters Before leaving this discussion of the compilation process, note that there is another method used for analyzing and executing programs developed in a higher-level language. With this method, programs are not compiled but are interpreted. An interpreter analyzes and executes the statements of a program at the same time.This method usually allows programs to be more easily debugged. On the other hand, interpreted languages are typically slower than their compiled counterparts because the program statements are not converted into their lowest-level form in advance of their execution. BASIC and Java are two programming languages in which programs are often interpreted and not compiled. Other examples include the Unix system’s shell and Python. Some vendors also offer interpreters for the C programming language.
Page 2 and 3: Programming in C Third Edition
Page 4 and 5: Programming in C Third Edition Step
Page 6 and 7: ❖ To my mother and father ❖
Page 8 and 9: Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix Character Arrays 108 Ba
Page 12 and 13: Contents xi Pointers to Functions 2
Page 14 and 15: Contents xiii 17 Miscellaneous and
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv 6.0 Storage Classes and
Page 18 and 19: Preface It’s hard to believe that
Page 20 and 21: Acknowledgements I wish to thank th
Page 22 and 23: 1 Introduction THE C PROGRAMMING LA
Page 24: Introduction 3 terminology. It also
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Page 43 and 44: 22 Chapter 4 Variables, Data Types,
Page 64 and 65: 5 Program Looping IFYOU ARRANGE 15
Page 66 and 67: The for Statement 45 Program 5.2 Co
Page 68 and 69: The for Statement 47 When the loop_
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The while Statement 59 Program 5.7
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The do Statement 61 do program stat
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Exercises 63 Now that you are famil
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6 Making Decisions IN CHAPTER 5,“
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The if Statement 67 The program was
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The if Statement 69 would do the tr
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The if Statement 71 When writing pr
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The if Statement 73 To illustrate t
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The if Statement 75 Nested if State
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The if Statement 77 separate if sta
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The if Statement 79 Program 6.7 Con
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The if Statement 81 Program 6.8 Con
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The if Statement 83 Program 6.8A Co
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The switch Statement 85 if ( expres
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Boolean Variables 87 switch (operat
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Boolean Variables 89 “off,” its
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The Conditional Operator 91 Program
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Exercises 93 Exercises 1. Type in a
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7 Working with Arrays THE C LANGUAG
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Defining an Array 97 sequences thro
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Defining an Array 99 values [0] 197
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Defining an Array 101 proceeding wi
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Defining an Array 103 As a point of
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Defining an Array 105 the term “p
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Initializing Arrays 107 Arrays of c
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Character Arrays 109 The most notab
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Character Arrays 111 Program 7.7 Co
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Multidimensional Arrays 113 example
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Variable-Length Arrays 115 Pay part
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Exercises 117 than 1 or greater tha
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8 Working with Functions BEHIND ALL
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Defining a Function 121 appears.Thi
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Arguments and Local Variables 123 p
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Arguments and Local Variables 125 w
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Returning Function Results 127 defi
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Returning Function Results 129 In C
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Functions Calling Functions Calling
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Functions and Arrays 137 As you can
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Functions and Arrays 139 Program 8.
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Functions and Arrays 143 When you w
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Functions and Arrays 147 An entire
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Global Variables 153 In Program 8.1
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Global Variables 155 much improved
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Automatic and Static Variables 157
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Recursive Functions 159 Recursive F
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Recursive Functions 161 With the va
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Exercises 163 represents a quadrati
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9 Working with Structures CHAPTER 7
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A Structure for Storing the Date 16
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A Structure for Storing the Date 16
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Functions and Structures 171 end of
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Functions and Structures 173 Progra
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Functions and Structures 177 illust
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Initializing Structures 181 sets th
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Arrays of Structures 183 Initializa
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Structures Containing Structures 18
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Structures Containing Arrays 187 Na
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Structures Containing Arrays 189 Pr
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Exercises 191 struct date { int mon
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Exercises 193 previously.This funct
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196 Chapter 10 Character Strings Ar
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198 Chapter 10 Character Strings Th
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200 Chapter 10 Character Strings Pr
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202 Chapter 10 Character Strings ca
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204 Chapter 10 Character Strings Te
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208 Chapter 10 Character Strings In
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214 Chapter 10 Character Strings of
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216 Chapter 10 Character Strings Es
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220 Chapter 10 Character Strings In
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224 Chapter 10 Character Strings No
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232 Chapter 10 Character Strings to
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11 Pointers IN THIS CHAPTER,YOU EXA
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Defining a Pointer Variable 237 Pro
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Using Pointers in Expressions 239 (
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Working with Pointers and Structure
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The Keyword const and Pointers 253
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Pointers and Functions 255 Program
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Pointers and Functions 257 You shou
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Pointers and Arrays 259 displayed.T
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Pointers and Arrays 261 To set text
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Pointers and Arrays 263 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 265 eliminate t
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Pointers and Arrays 267 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 269 just seen,
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Pointers and Arrays 271 Execution o
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Pointers to Functions 273 Program 1
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Pointers and Memory Addresses 275 m
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Exercises 277 8. Write a function c
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280 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits T
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282 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits W
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284 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits B
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286 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits w
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288 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits h
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290 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits I
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292 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits P
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296 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits }
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298 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits a
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300 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor def
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302 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor By
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304 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor the
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306 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor els
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308 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor are
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310 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor ass
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312 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor The
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314 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sup
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316 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sys
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318 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor wan
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320 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Exe
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322 Chapter 14 More on Data Types d
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324 Chapter 14 More on Data Types P
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326 Chapter 14 More on Data Types T
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328 Chapter 14 More on Data Types 4
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330 Chapter 14 More on Data Types F
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15 Working with Larger Programs THE
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Dividing Your Program into Multiple
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Communication Between Modules 337 v
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Communication Between Modules 339 S
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Communication Between Modules 341 U
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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348 Chapter 16 Input and Output Ope
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374 Chapter 17 Miscellaneous and Ad
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390 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs P
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396 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs Y
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398 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs O
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400 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs L
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406 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs m
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408 Chapter 18 Debugging Programs A
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19 Object-Oriented Programming BECA
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Writing a C Program to Work with Fr
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Defining an Objective-C Class to Wo
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Defining an Objective-C Class to Wo
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Defining a C++ Class to Work with F
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Defining a C++ Class to Work with F
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Defining a C# Class to Work with Fr
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A C Language Summary THIS SECTION S
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3.0 Constants 427 3.0 Constants 3.1
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3.0 Constants 429 In the octal char
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4.0 Data Types and Declarations 431
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5.0 Expressions 439 As an example,
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5.0 Expressions 441 Table A.5 Conti
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5.0 Expressions 443 1. As the value
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5.0 Expressions 445 The usual arith
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5.0 Expressions 447 5.11 sizeof Ope
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5.0 Expressions 449 Pointers to Arr
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5.0 Expressions 451 Types other tha
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6.0 Storage Classes and Scope 453 T
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7.0 Functions 455 int printf (char
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8.0 Statements 457 Execution of a b
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8.0 Statements 459 the null stateme
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9.0 The Preprocessor 461 Table A.7
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9.0 The Preprocessor 463 produces p
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9.0 The Preprocessor 465 In either
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B The Standard C Library THE STANDA
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Standard Header Files 469 This hea
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String Functions 471 char *strerror
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I/O Functions 473 Character Functio
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I/O Functions 475 FILE *fopen (file
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I/O Functions 477 size_t fwrite (bu
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String-to-Number Conversion 479 int
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Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions
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Math Functions 483 int islessequal
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Math Functions 485 double fma (x, y
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Math Functions 487 double remquo (x
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Math Functions 489 double complex c
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General Utility Functions 491 argum
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494 Appendix C Compiling Programs w
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D Common Programming Mistakes THE F
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Common Programming Mistakes 499 7.
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E Resources THIS APPENDIX CONTAINS
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Miscellaneous 503 Visual Studio htt
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Index Symbols \’ (single quote) e
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arrays 507 functions, 122-123 decla
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C language 509 bits, 279 bit fields
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character strings 511 calculating a
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copying 513 Compiling the Debug Cod
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derived data types 515 breakpoint d
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file I/O operations 517 enumerated
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functions 519 formatted I/O operati
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functions 521 I/O, 473-478 fclose(
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grep utility 523 strncat( ), 471 st
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int data type 525 programs Calculat
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macros 527 llround( ) function, 486
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OOP 529 multiple source files, comp
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prime numbers 531 character string
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programs 533 bitwise operators, Ill
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eferencing defined values 535 synta
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statements 537 search methods binar
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summing array elements 539 string_l
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variable-length character strings 5
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Xcode 543 Introducing the while Sta
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