Programming in C

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5.0 Expressions 439 As an example, typedef struct { float x; float y; } Point; associates the name Point with a structure containing two floating-point members called x and y.Variables can subsequently be declared to be of type Point, as in Point origin = { 0.0, 0.0 }; 4.6 Type Modifiers const, volatile, and restrict The keyword const can be placed before a type declaration to tell the compiler that the value cannot be modified. So the declaration const int x5 = 100; declares x5 to be a constant integer (that is, it won’t be set to anything else during the program’s execution).The compiler is not required to flag attempts to change the value of a const variable. The volatile modifier explicitly tells the compiler that the value changes (usually dynamically).When a volatile variable is used in an expression, its value is accessed each place it appears. To declare port17 to be of type “volatile pointer to char,” write volatile char *port17; The restrict keyword can be used with pointers. It is a hint to the compiler for optimization (like the register keyword for variables).The restrict keyword specifies to the compiler that the pointer is the only reference to a particular object; that is, it is not referenced by any other pointer within the same scope.The lines int * restrict intPtrA; int * restrict intPtrB; tell the compiler that for the duration of the scope in which intPtrA and intPtrB are defined, they will never access the same value.Their use for pointing to integers (in an array, for example) is mutually exclusive. 5.0 Expressions Variable names, function names, array names, constants, function calls, array references, and structure and union references are all considered expressions. Applying a unary operator (where appropriate) to one of these expressions is also an expression, as is combining two or more of these expressions with a binary or ternary operator. Finally, an expression enclosed within parentheses is also an expression.
440 Appendix A C Language Summary An expression of any type other than void that identifies a data object is called an lvalue. If it can be assigned a value, it is known as a modifiable lvalue. Modifiable lvalue expressions are required in certain places.The expression on the left-hand side of an assignment operator must be a modifiable lvalue. Furthermore, the increment and decrement operators can only be applied to modifiable lvalues, as can the unary address operator & (unless it’s a function). 5.1 Summary of C Operators Table A.5 summarizes the various operators in the C language.These operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence. Operators grouped together have the same precedence. Table A.5 Summary of C Operators Operator Description Associativity () Function call [] Array element reference -> Pointer to structure member reference Left to right . Structure member reference - Unary minus + Unary plus ++ Increment -- Decrement ! Logical negation ~ Ones complement Right to left * Pointer reference (indirection) & Address sizeof Size of an object (type) Type cast (conversion) * Multiplication / Division Left to right % Modulus + Addition Left to right - Subtraction > Right shift < Less than Greater than => Greater than or equal to
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Programming in C Third Edition
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Programming in C Third Edition Step
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❖ To my mother and father ❖
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1
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Contents ix Character Arrays 108 Ba
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Contents xi Pointers to Functions 2
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Contents xiii 17 Miscellaneous and
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Contents xv 6.0 Storage Classes and
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Preface It’s hard to believe that
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Acknowledgements I wish to thank th
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1 Introduction THE C PROGRAMMING LA
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Introduction 3 terminology. It also
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6 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals Highe
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8 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals durin
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10 Chapter 2 Some Fundamentals the
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12 Chapter 3 Compiling and Running
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22 Chapter 4 Variables, Data Types,
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5 Program Looping IFYOU ARRANGE 15
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The for Statement 45 Program 5.2 Co
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The for Statement 47 When the loop_
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The for Statement 49 constitutes th
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The for Statement 51 The primary ch
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The for Statement 53 Nested for Loo
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The for Statement 55 Multiple Expre
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The while Statement 57 Program 5.6
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The while Statement 59 Program 5.7
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The do Statement 61 do program stat
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Exercises 63 Now that you are famil
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6 Making Decisions IN CHAPTER 5,“
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The if Statement 67 The program was
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The if Statement 69 would do the tr
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The if Statement 71 When writing pr
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The if Statement 73 To illustrate t
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The if Statement 75 Nested if State
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The if Statement 77 separate if sta
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The if Statement 79 Program 6.7 Con
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The if Statement 81 Program 6.8 Con
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The if Statement 83 Program 6.8A Co
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The switch Statement 85 if ( expres
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Boolean Variables 87 switch (operat
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Boolean Variables 89 “off,” its
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The Conditional Operator 91 Program
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Exercises 93 Exercises 1. Type in a
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7 Working with Arrays THE C LANGUAG
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Defining an Array 97 sequences thro
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Defining an Array 99 values [0] 197
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Defining an Array 101 proceeding wi
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Defining an Array 103 As a point of
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Defining an Array 105 the term “p
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Initializing Arrays 107 Arrays of c
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Character Arrays 109 The most notab
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Character Arrays 111 Program 7.7 Co
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Multidimensional Arrays 113 example
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Variable-Length Arrays 115 Pay part
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Exercises 117 than 1 or greater tha
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8 Working with Functions BEHIND ALL
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Defining a Function 121 appears.Thi
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Arguments and Local Variables 123 p
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Arguments and Local Variables 125 w
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Returning Function Results 127 defi
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Returning Function Results 129 In C
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Functions Calling Functions Calling
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Functions and Arrays 137 As you can
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Functions and Arrays 139 Program 8.
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Functions and Arrays 143 When you w
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Functions and Arrays 147 An entire
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Global Variables 153 In Program 8.1
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Global Variables 155 much improved
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Automatic and Static Variables 157
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Recursive Functions 159 Recursive F
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Recursive Functions 161 With the va
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Exercises 163 represents a quadrati
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9 Working with Structures CHAPTER 7
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A Structure for Storing the Date 16
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A Structure for Storing the Date 16
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Functions and Structures 171 end of
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Functions and Structures 173 Progra
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Functions and Structures 177 illust
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Initializing Structures 181 sets th
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Arrays of Structures 183 Initializa
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Structures Containing Structures 18
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Structures Containing Arrays 187 Na
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Structures Containing Arrays 189 Pr
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Exercises 191 struct date { int mon
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Exercises 193 previously.This funct
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196 Chapter 10 Character Strings Ar
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198 Chapter 10 Character Strings Th
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200 Chapter 10 Character Strings Pr
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202 Chapter 10 Character Strings ca
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204 Chapter 10 Character Strings Te
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208 Chapter 10 Character Strings In
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214 Chapter 10 Character Strings of
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216 Chapter 10 Character Strings Es
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218 Chapter 10 Character Strings co
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220 Chapter 10 Character Strings In
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224 Chapter 10 Character Strings No
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228 Chapter 10 Character Strings ca
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232 Chapter 10 Character Strings to
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11 Pointers IN THIS CHAPTER,YOU EXA
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Defining a Pointer Variable 237 Pro
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Using Pointers in Expressions 239 (
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Working with Pointers and Structure
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The Keyword const and Pointers 253
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Pointers and Functions 255 Program
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Pointers and Functions 257 You shou
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Pointers and Arrays 259 displayed.T
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Pointers and Arrays 261 To set text
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Pointers and Arrays 263 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 265 eliminate t
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Pointers and Arrays 267 Program 11.
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Pointers and Arrays 269 just seen,
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Pointers and Arrays 271 Execution o
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Pointers to Functions 273 Program 1
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Pointers and Memory Addresses 275 m
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Exercises 277 8. Write a function c
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280 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits T
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282 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits W
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284 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits B
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286 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits w
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288 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits h
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290 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits I
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292 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits P
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294 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits o
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296 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits }
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298 Chapter 12 Operations on Bits a
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300 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor def
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302 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor By
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304 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor the
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306 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor els
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308 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor are
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310 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor ass
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312 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor The
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314 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sup
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316 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Sys
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318 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor wan
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320 Chapter 13 The Preprocessor Exe
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322 Chapter 14 More on Data Types d
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324 Chapter 14 More on Data Types P
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326 Chapter 14 More on Data Types T
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328 Chapter 14 More on Data Types 4
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330 Chapter 14 More on Data Types F
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15 Working with Larger Programs THE
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Dividing Your Program into Multiple
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Communication Between Modules 337 v
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Communication Between Modules 339 S
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Communication Between Modules 341 U
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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Other Utilities for Working with La
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348 Chapter 16 Input and Output Ope
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374 Chapter 17 Miscellaneous and Ad
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Page 432 and 433: 19 Object-Oriented Programming BECA
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Page 436 and 437: Defining an Objective-C Class to Wo
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Page 446 and 447: A C Language Summary THIS SECTION S
Page 448 and 449: 3.0 Constants 427 3.0 Constants 3.1
Page 450 and 451: 3.0 Constants 429 In the octal char
Page 452 and 453: 4.0 Data Types and Declarations 431
Page 462 and 463: 5.0 Expressions 441 Table A.5 Conti
Page 464 and 465: 5.0 Expressions 443 1. As the value
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Page 470 and 471: 5.0 Expressions 449 Pointers to Arr
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Page 474 and 475: 6.0 Storage Classes and Scope 453 T
Page 476 and 477: 7.0 Functions 455 int printf (char
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Page 482 and 483: 9.0 The Preprocessor 461 Table A.7
Page 484 and 485: 9.0 The Preprocessor 463 produces p
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Page 488 and 489: B The Standard C Library THE STANDA
Page 490 and 491: Standard Header Files 469 This hea
Page 492 and 493: String Functions 471 char *strerror
Page 494 and 495: I/O Functions 473 Character Functio
Page 496 and 497: I/O Functions 475 FILE *fopen (file
Page 498 and 499: I/O Functions 477 size_t fwrite (bu
Page 500 and 501: String-to-Number Conversion 479 int
Page 502 and 503: Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions
Page 504 and 505: Math Functions 483 int islessequal
Page 506 and 507: Math Functions 485 double fma (x, y
Page 508 and 509: Math Functions 487 double remquo (x
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Math Functions 489 double complex c
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General Utility Functions 491 argum
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494 Appendix C Compiling Programs w
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D Common Programming Mistakes THE F
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Common Programming Mistakes 499 7.
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E Resources THIS APPENDIX CONTAINS
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Miscellaneous 503 Visual Studio htt
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Index Symbols \’ (single quote) e
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arrays 507 functions, 122-123 decla
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C language 509 bits, 279 bit fields
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character strings 511 calculating a
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copying 513 Compiling the Debug Cod
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derived data types 515 breakpoint d
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file I/O operations 517 enumerated
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functions 519 formatted I/O operati
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functions 521 I/O, 473-478 fclose(
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grep utility 523 strncat( ), 471 st
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int data type 525 programs Calculat
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macros 527 llround( ) function, 486
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OOP 529 multiple source files, comp
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prime numbers 531 character string
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programs 533 bitwise operators, Ill
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eferencing defined values 535 synta
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statements 537 search methods binar
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summing array elements 539 string_l
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variable-length character strings 5
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Xcode 543 Introducing the while Sta
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