IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA, and NEW ZEALAND

CONTENTS
Glaciers of New Zealand ________________________ H25
Abstract _________________________________ 25
Introduction _______________________________ 25
FIGURE 1. Location map showing glacial regions and locations of glaciers
mentioned in the text _______________________ 27
Occurrence of glaciers _________________________ 26
FIGURE 2. Oblique aerial photograph looking northeast on 22 March 1983 at
the Garden of E den ________________________ 28
3. Graph showing distribution by size of 468 Canterbury glaciers of
the Mount Whitcombe region __________________ 29
4. Graph showing distribution by size of 351 Westland glaciers of the
Mount Whitcombe region ____________________ 29
5. Aspect rose diagrams of 819 glaciers of the Mount Whitcombe
region ________________________________ 29
Observation of glaciers _________________________ 30
Historical glacier observations ________________ 30
Modern glacier observations _________________ 31
FIGURE 6. Graph showing measured variations in the position of the termini of
the Fox, Franz Josef, and Ivory Glaciers ____________ 31
7. Glacier elevation-difference map of Ivory Glacier from April 1971
to March 1988 ___________________________ 32
Mapping of glaciers ___________________________ 34
Earliest maps _________________________ 34
Present maps _________________________ 35
Imaging of glaciers ___________________________ 36
Aerial photography _ ___________________ 36
Satellite imagery _______________________ 36
FIGURE 8. Map of New Zealand showing availability of Landsat images of
glaciers _______________________________ 37
9. Oblique aerial photograph looking east on 11 April 1978 at a small
unnamed glacier under Mount Kensington ___________ 39
10. Oblique aerial photograph looking east on 16 April 1980 at the Jalf
Glacier _______________________________ 39
TABLE 1. Optimum Landsat 1, 2, and 3 images of glaciers of New Zealand 38
Types of glaciers and phenomena observable on Landsat images _ 40
Glacier advance and recession ________________ 40
Glacier flow ___________________________ 46
Climatic variations _ ____________________ 46
FIGURE 11. Landsat 3 RBV image of part of the Mount Cook region showing
glacierkarst features developing on the Tasman Glacier ____ 41
12. Oblique aerial photograph looking northeast on 11 April 1978 of the
debris-covered and detached trunk of Douglas Glacier ____ 42
13. Diagram showing historic variation of the terminus of the Franz
Josef Glacier and associated events _______________ 43
14. Vertical aerial photographic mosaic of the terminus and environs of
the Franz Josef Glacier in 1983 showing outlines of positions of
the glacier front over the past two centuries __________ 42
15. Landsat 2 MSS false-color composite showing Pleistocene glacial
features and moraines around Lakes Pukaki, Tekapo, and Ohau 44
16. Landsat 2 MSS image of a large Pleistocene lateral moraine ____ 45
17. Oblique aerial photograph on 14 March 1980 of a recent rock
avalanche that fell onto Murchison Glacier during December
1979 ________________________________ 46
TABLE 2. Glacier-snowline variations with time ________________ 47
Conclusions 47
References cited ______ _ _ 48
CONTENTS H23