IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA, and NEW ZEALAND

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Types of Glaciers and Phenomena Observable on Landsat Images Glacier Advance and Recession All of New Zealand's glaciers have generally been receding since the beginning of the century (fig. 6), with fluctuating, but rising, end-of- summer snowline elevations. During the "Late Neoglacial" cool period, which persisted during the past 500 to 800 years, most New Zealand glaciers reached three main maximums, climaxing in 1750, 1850, and 1890 (Wardle, 1973; Burrows, 1975; Burrows and Maunder, 1975; Bur rows and Russell, 1975; Salinger, 1976; Hessell, 1980, 1983; Salinger and others, 1983). From 1890 there was a general slow recession of most glaciers until the late 1920's, when a widespread rapid retreat com menced. This retreat is continuing, punctuated by only minor read- vances in the more active glaciers (fig. 6). Associated with the retreat of glacier termini, most glaciers have suffered a reduction in size and a rise of snowline elevations. From 1971 to 1975, Ivory Glacier lost more than 30 m of thickness in the terminus area, less over other parts of the glacier (fig. 7). The total volume of ice and snow lost during this period for this glacier alone was 13.9 x 106 m3 , or an average annual loss of 3.5 x 106 m3 . During the same period the area of this glacier was re duced by 26 percent, from 0.80 km2 to 0.59 km2 . Where the larger glaciers extend to low-gradient or ponded ice trunks at valley floor level, recession is evident by a steady lowering of ice-surface levels, accom panied by little or no change in terminus position, or by the development of a proglacial lake. These glaciers have glacier snouts that are normally debris covered, and many have recently developed glacierkarst features. The glacierkarst terrain on Tasman Glacier is well displayed on Landsat 3 RBV image 30324-21342, subscene A (fig. 11). Recently formed proglacial lakes of Classen and Godley Glaciers also appear clearly near the northern margin of this image. Figure 12 is an oblique aerial photograph of Douglas Glacier's proglacial lake, which has developed during the past 20 years. The change in size of proglacial lakes is possibly the single best indicator of glacier variations seen on satellite imagery. In contrast to the slow response of glaciers with large low-gradient trunks, large glaciers with steep trunks have been very reactive to small mass-balance changes, and the long period of glacier recession during the 20th century has been manifested in a series of small advances superimposed upon a general recession, similar to waves on the seashore at ebbing tide. Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers are of this type (figs. 13 and 14), but unfortunately no usable Landsat images of these glaciers exist. Both glaciers lie in the corners of the available Landsat images and are either poorly displayed or obscured by cloud cover. H40 SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD
Figure 11.-Landsat 3 RBV image (30324- 21342, subscene A; 23 January 1979; Path 79, Row 91) of part of the Mount Cook region showing glacierkarst features developing on the Tasman Glacier and a wide array of additional glacial features. &T PjPP. » ^fet** Hi»/f-^r ^*^+ *-~ ^ H ^-* * mi^i:. >m dn^Kf v v../ -* «.-^,-jfj '.« .,-»i' - ^ GLACIERS OF NEW ZEALAND H41
Page 1 and 2: Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers o
Page 3 and 4: GLACIERS OF IRIAN JAVA, INDONESIA,
Page 5 and 6: Foreword On 23 July 1972, the first
Page 7 and 8: About this Volume U.S. Geological S
Page 9 and 10: Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia,
Page 11 and 12: SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS O
Page 13 and 14: Van de Water, which descend from th
Page 15 and 16: Southwall Hanging Glaciers Carstens
Page 17 and 18: Figure 4. Mosaic of U.S. Army Air F
Page 19 and 20: Figure 6.- Oblique aerial photograp
Page 21 and 22: 130°E 135°E 140°E Figure 7. Inde
Page 23 and 24: Observation and Mapping of the Glac
Page 25 and 26: Figure 9. Oblique aerial photograph
Page 27 and 28: Along the northern edge of the east
Page 29 and 30: Changes in the Puncak Jaya Glaciers
Page 31 and 32: Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia,
Page 33 and 34: SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS O
Page 35 and 36: 166°E 40 S 42 S 44°S 46 "S 48 S N
Page 37 and 38: 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 GL
Page 39 and 40: Figure 6. Measured variations in th
Page 41 and 42: ® \ 100 200 300 METERS \ \\ \ I \
Page 43 and 44: maps and plans of the Mount Cook an
Page 45 and 46: Figure 8. Map of New Zealand showin
Page 47: Figure 9. Oblique aerial photograph
Page 51 and 52: 1988 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 0- 19
Page 53 and 54: IE168-30 El 69-001 E169-38I El 78-8
Page 55 and 56: position indicates a negative glaci

IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA, and NEW ZEALAND

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