Behavioral Programs for Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 14. Behavioral programs for type 1 diabetes compared with usual care: diabetes-specific
health-related quality of life at end of intervention
CI = confidence interval; n = number of participants; SD = standard deviation; Std = standardized
Distress/stress was reported for six trials; negative scores represent reduced distress. At end
of intervention (Figure 15), our meta-analysis for youth and adults combined (4 trials [2
youth, 84,93 2 adults 82,95 ], 209 subjects) found no statistically significant difference in diabetes
distress for behavioral programs compared with usual care (SMD, -0.31; 95% CI, -0.83 to 0.21).
Stratified by age, there was no difference for the studies of youth (SMD, -0.21; 95% CI, -2.84 to
2.60) or adults (SMD, -0.41; 95% CI, -3.78 to 2.96; I 2 = 57%). At 6-month followup for youth
and adults combined (4 trials [3 youth, 84,93,111 1 adult 109 ], 236 subjects), changes to diabetes
distress did not differ for behavioral programs compared with usual care (SMD, -0.28; 95% CI, -
0.94 to 0.38) (Figure 16).
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