Yoshida und Hara - 1977 - Effects of air temperature and light on grain fill

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106 S. YOSHIDA <strong>and</strong> T. HARA Downloaded by [Universitaetsbibliothek Giessen] at 15:43 06 April 2015 To better <strong>und</strong>erst<strong>and</strong> how <strong>temperature</strong> during the grain filling period affects grain weight, the grain weight was plotted against the daily mean <strong>temperature</strong>, regardless <strong>of</strong> the day <strong>and</strong> night <strong>temperature</strong>s (Fig. 7). There was a smooth <strong>and</strong> consistent pattern in the changes in grain weight as affected by the daily mean <strong>temperature</strong> in both IR2(} <strong>and</strong> Fujisaka 5 rices, except with Fujisaka 5 when the difference between the day <strong>and</strong> night <strong>temperature</strong> was 18°0. The maximum grain weight <strong>of</strong> Fujisaka 5 rice was. achieved at the low <strong>temperature</strong> range, while the grain weight <strong>of</strong> IR20 remained high <strong>and</strong> stable at the high <strong>temperature</strong> range. This implies that <strong>temperature</strong>, regardless. <strong>of</strong> day or night, affects grain weight, <strong>and</strong> such effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>temperature</strong> is best related tathe daily mean <strong>temperature</strong>. Thus, within the <strong>temperature</strong> range between 14° <strong>and</strong> 34°0, the daily mean <strong>temperature</strong> appears to be the most meaningful expression by which to describe the effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>temperature</strong> on ripening <strong>of</strong> IR20 <strong>and</strong> Fujisaka 5 rices. In the continent type <strong>of</strong> climate, large differences in the day <strong>and</strong> night <strong>temperature</strong>s are common (15). A night <strong>temperature</strong> <strong>of</strong> 15°0 has been reported to prevent or delay panicle initiation <strong>of</strong> rice even when the day <strong>temperature</strong> is maintained at 30°C or 33°0 (16-18). In the present experiment, however, the large difference <strong>of</strong> lBoe between day <strong>and</strong> night <strong>temperature</strong>s appeared to have an adverse effect on the ripening <strong>of</strong> Fujisaka 5 rice rather than a low night <strong>temperature</strong> per se. At Los Banos, Philippines, high yields are normally achieved in experimental fields in the dry season when rice matures in April or May. These two months are characterized by high <strong>temperature</strong>s <strong>and</strong> high solar radiation. In terms <strong>of</strong> yield components, high yields in the dry season crop are clearly associated with a large grain number per square meter (29). In addition, however, high <strong>temperature</strong> does not appear to have any noticeable adverse effects on grain filling, probably because IR2() rice <strong>and</strong> other indica varieties are well adapted to high <strong>temperature</strong>s during the grain filling period (Fig. 7). REFERENCES 1) Anu, R., SAWAMURA, H., <strong>and</strong> KmolNo, S., Physiological studies on the mechanism <strong>of</strong> crop plants. The effect <strong>of</strong> the <strong>temperature</strong> upon the behavior <strong>of</strong> carbohydrates <strong>and</strong> related enzymes during the ripening <strong>of</strong> rice plant, Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 27 (4),405-407 (1959) 2) llANYu,J., UCHIJIMA, T., <strong>and</strong> SUGAWAJlA, S., Studies on the agro-climatological method for expressing the paddy rice products (Part I). An agro-climatic index for expressing the quantity <strong>of</strong> ripening <strong>of</strong>" the paddy rice, Bull. Nat. Tolwku Agr. Exp. Sta., 34, 27-36 (1966) 3) MATSUSHIMA, S., MANAKA, K., <strong>and</strong> TSUNODA, K., Analysis <strong>of</strong> developmental factors determining yield <strong>and</strong> yield prediction <strong>and</strong> culture improvement <strong>of</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> rice. XXXIX. On mechanism <strong>of</strong> ripening (5). XL. On the mechanism <strong>of</strong> ripening (6), Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 25, 203-206 (1957) 4) MATSl.JSHIMA, S. <strong>and</strong> TSUNODA, K., Analysis <strong>of</strong> developmental facton determining yield <strong>and</strong> its application to yield prediction <strong>and</strong> culture improvement <strong>of</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> rice. XLV. <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>temperature</strong> <strong>and</strong> its daily range in different growth stages upon the growth, grain yield <strong>and</strong> its constitutional factors. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 26, 243-244 (1958) 5) MATSUSHIMA, S. <strong>and</strong> TANAKA, T., Analysis <strong>of</strong> developmental factors determining yields <strong>and</strong> its appli-
Temperature <strong>and</strong> Light on Rice Grain Filling 107 Downloaded by [Universitaetsbibliothek Giessen] at 15:43 06 April 2015 cation to yield prediction <strong>and</strong> culture improvement <strong>of</strong>lowl<strong>and</strong> rice. LV. Early discrimination <strong>of</strong> non-fertilized rice grains, Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 28, 365-366 (1960) 6) Moss, D.N., MUSGRAVE, R.B., <strong>and</strong> LEMON, E.R., Photosynthesis <strong>und</strong>er field conditions. III. Some effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>light</strong>, carbon dioxide, <strong>temperature</strong>, <strong>and</strong> soil moisture on photosynthesis, respiration, <strong>and</strong> transpiration <strong>of</strong> corn, Crop Sci., 1, 8~7 (1961) 7) MUNAKATA, K., KAWASAKI, 1., <strong>and</strong> KARIYA, K., Quantitative studies on the effects <strong>of</strong> the climatic facton on the productivity <strong>of</strong> rice, Bull. Chugoku Agr. Exp. Sta., No. 14,59-95 (1967) 8) MURAKAMI, T., Paddy rice ripening <strong>and</strong> <strong>temperature</strong>, Japan Agr. &s. Q.,7 (1), 1-5 (1973) 9) MURATA, Y., On the influence <strong>of</strong> solar radiation <strong>and</strong> <strong>air</strong> <strong>temperature</strong> upon the local differences in the productivity <strong>of</strong> paddy rice in Japan, Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 35, 59-63 (1964) 10) MURATA, Y., Productivity <strong>of</strong> rice in different climatic regions <strong>of</strong> Japan, Presented at the symposium "Climate <strong>and</strong> Rice" at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, September 24-27, 1974 (Mimeo.) 11) NAGATO, K. <strong>and</strong> EBATA, M., <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>temperature</strong> in the ripening period upon the development <strong>and</strong> qualities <strong>of</strong>lowl<strong>and</strong> rice kernels, Prot. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 28, 275-278 (1960) 12) NAGATO, K. <strong>and</strong> EBATA, M., <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>temperature</strong> during the ripening period on the development <strong>and</strong> the quality <strong>of</strong> rice kernels, Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 34, 59-66 (1965) 13) NAKAYAMA, II., Panicle senescence in rice plant, Bull.lIokuriku Natl. Agr. Exp. Sla., No. 16, 15-57 (1974) 14) OSADA, A., Studies on the photosynthesis <strong>of</strong> indica rice, Prot. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 33, 69-76 (1964) 15) OWEN, P.C., The climate <strong>of</strong> the sub-coastal plains <strong>of</strong> Northern Australia: A comparison with those <strong>of</strong> other rice-growing areas, J. Austr. Inst. Agr. Sci., 33 (4),247-253 (1967) 16) OWEN, P.C., The growth <strong>of</strong>f our rice varieties as affected by <strong>temperature</strong> <strong>and</strong> photoperiod with uniform daily periods <strong>of</strong> day<strong>light</strong>, Exp. Agr., 5, 85-90 (1969) 17) OWEN, P.C., <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> night <strong>temperature</strong> on growth <strong>and</strong> development <strong>of</strong>IR8 rice, Exp. Agr., 8, 213- 218 (1972a) 18) OWEN, P.C., <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> cool periods (15°C) at night on Taichung Native 1 rice, Exp. Agr., 8,289-294 (1972b) 19) SATAKE, T., Circular dense-culture <strong>of</strong> rice plant in pots, the purpose <strong>of</strong> obtaining many uniform panicles <strong>of</strong> main sterns, Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan, 41, 361-362 (1972) 20) TANAKA, A. <strong>and</strong> VERGARA, B.S., Growth habit <strong>and</strong> ripening <strong>of</strong> rice plants in relation to the environmental conditions in the Far East, IRC Newsl. Spec. Issue, 26-42 (1967) 21) TANAKA, M., Studies on the growth <strong>of</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> rice caused by cool water irrigation <strong>and</strong> delayed heading, Bull. Aomori Agr. Exp. Sta., 7, 1-107 22) WENT, F.W., The Experimental Control <strong>of</strong> Plant Growth, The Ronald Press Comp., New York, 343 p. 23) YAMADA, N., MURATA, Y., OSADA, A., <strong>and</strong> hAMA, J., Photosynthesis <strong>of</strong> rice plant, Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan,23 (3), 214-222 (1955) 24) YAMAKAWA, Y., Studies on the ecological variations <strong>of</strong> the growth <strong>of</strong> rice plant caused by the shifting <strong>of</strong> cultivation .eason in warm region in Japan, Agr. Bull. Saga Univ., 14, 23-159 (1962) 25) YAMAMOTO, K., Studies on ripening <strong>of</strong> rice (Part I), Agr. HQrt. (Tokyo), 29, 1161-1163 (1954) 26) YAMAMOTO, K., Studies on ripening <strong>of</strong> rice (Part II), Agr.lIort. (Tokyo), 29, 1303-1304 (1954) 27) YAMAMOTO, K., Studies on ripening <strong>of</strong> rice (Part III), Agr.lIort. (Tokyo), 29, 1425-1427 (1954) 28) YosnIDA, S., CocK,J.lI., <strong>and</strong> PARAO, F.T., Physiological aspects <strong>of</strong> high yields, in International Rice Research Institute, Rice Breeding, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, 1972. pp.455-469 29) YOSIIIDA, S. <strong>and</strong> PARAO, F.T., Climatic influence on yield <strong>and</strong> yield components <strong>of</strong>lowl<strong>and</strong> rice in the tropics, Presented at the symposium "Climate <strong>and</strong> Rice" at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, September 24-27, 1974 (Mimeo.)
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