62) decentralised governance of irrigation water in cambodia - CDRI

aware of: 1) the need for irrigation water during the dry spell in the wet season; 2) when and
where water scarcity may occur in the dry season; and 3) the possibility of water shortage at
the beginning and the end of the wet season. The PDOWRAM officer pointed out that this
awareness must be accompanied by the capacity to plan, allocate or store water as required on
their own (i.e. ideally without PDOWRAM’s guidance). Moreover, FWUC committees must
be able to ensure that their members and farmers 1) understand these issues well, and 2) get
proper agricultural knowledge.
Two scales of local coordination issues or conflicts were found to occur across the three
case-study schemes: 1) between neighbouring farmers, and 2) between farmers from upper and
lower regions of the same scheme. At the local scale, coordination and collaboration between
farmers was often inhibited by the fact that farmers who share adjacent rice paddies often
come from different villages that are kilometres apart. It was observed and reported that this
situation makes it difficult for farmers to develop camaraderie and mutual trust and to amicably
resolve issues regarding their rice paddies. In the DAP and Stung Chinit schemes, conflicts
regarding broken levees between neighbouring fields often occur where farmers have allowed
their buffalo to trample levees to transport rice or let water into their own rice fields, and more
often than not left the levees unrepaired 20 . Understandably, such action leads to conflict as the
victims would lose their water and with it their investment in fertiliser/pesticide and the results
of their hard work, ultimately resulting in reduced rice yield and livelihood.
The Kampong Thom PDAFF noted that at the time of study, a number of farmers in
Stung Chinit scheme were not taking good enough care of their rice crops. After planting rice
(broadcasting seeds) they would abandon leave their field to find work elsewhere until harvest
time. It was often the case that farmers in neighbouring fields would cut the levees of these
absent farmers’ paddies to take water to their own rice fields. When interviewed, one farmer
said:
...I used to chop/cut down the dam/levee and steal water from a Sre Ta Kaor villager.
That water can be used for some rice fields. We do it because Sre Ta Kaor villagers can
receive more water from the drainage. (Sangkrous Villager, Stung Chinit Scheme, 2010)
The situation in Rolous demonstrates the coordination struggles and conflicts that arise
over water allocation at sub-scheme level,between upstream and downstream water users with
differing water needs. The environmental issues are annual flooding of Rolous and Sroyov
areas, which began to occur after the renovation of the Rolous irrigation dam, and poor water
allocation at the scale of the command area. These have been the primary causes of conflict
between farmers. There are essentially four groups of water users in the Rolous scheme which
require water at different times of the year and in different quantities. The first group consists
of O Kunthor farmers living to the east of the main, privately owned, canal near Boeung
Lies; the second comprises farmers living and farming near Rolous village in the south-west;
the third consists of the private fishing lot owners operating in Prek Sbov stream; and the
fourth includes those farmers with fields in the central to north-east region of the scheme. The
irrigation infrastructure does not meet the quantity,or the temporal demands of these four water
user groups. Every year, the FWUC committee with the support of the CC and PDOWRAM,
has tried to lobby the FWUC farmers to discuss and negotiate water allocation strategies for the
wet-season. However, the actual beneficial outcomes of these efforts had been few, especially
for the farmers in the Rolous village area whose problems cannot be solved without fundamental
re-development of the scheme’s infrastructure.
20 Interview with villagers in Tbeng Village, 2010.
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