THE NOURISHING EFFECT

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Zach Blum for Bread for the World The Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit in 2013 lifted out of poverty or made less poor 13.1 million children. A Two-headed Pandemic: Food Insecurity and Obesity The Great Recession of December 2007 to June 2009 was the worst economic slump since the 1930s, 8 and it pushed the number of food insecure Americans to record highs, where they’ve continued to remain due to the anemic recovery. From 2008 to 2014, no less than 48.1 million people per year in the United States were food insecure. 9 In 2014, 19.2 percent of households with children (7.5 million) reported being food insecure. In about half of these households, only the adults were food insecure. 10 Many of these adults are employed. They are food insecure due to low wages, or they are paying too much for transportation or child care or other necessary costs to hold on to their jobs. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the refundable portion of the Child Tax Credit (CTC) are the nation’s strongest tools to help working families escape poverty and food insecurity. Improvements to the EITC and CTC that were enacted during the Great Recession are set to expire in 2017. Allowing these to expire would force 16.4 million people, including 7.7 million children, to sink into poverty or deeper poverty than they already are. 11 The U.S. Census Bureau conducts an annual survey to collect national food security data. The Department of Agriculture (USDA) analyzes the data and publishes an annual report, Household Food Security in the United States. Since the year 2000, the number of people in the country who were food insecure has never fallen below 30 million. 12 USDA groups food insecure households into one of two categories: “low food security” or “very low food security.” Households with very low food security are those experiencing the deepest levels of poverty. Low food security is prevalent in households with incomes two and three times the poverty level. 13 (In 2015, the poverty threshold for a family of four was $24,420.) 14 Prior to 2006, households with low food security were categorized as “food insecure without hunger,” and those with very low food security “food insecure with hunger.” The change in the nomenclature was necessary, according to USDA, to disentangle the physiological state of hunger from indicators of food availability. 15 The survey itself continues to ask respondents whether they experienced hunger. Experts analyzing the data may not like to use the word hunger, but it seems to be impossible to talk about it any other way with experts who know what it feels like to be hungry. 16 INTRODUCTION • BREAD FOR <strong>THE</strong> WORLD INSTITUTE
INTRODUCTION Not everyone agrees hunger and food insecurity are pressing problems in the United States. Skeptics contend the official data overstate the actual levels of hardship in the country. 16,17 But according to Mark Nord and Alisha Coleman-Jensen, very low food insecurity may actually be understated among households with children. 18 In USDA interviews with families receiving food assistance, researchers found “adults in the study, including those who are food secure by our survey measure, have skipped meals so often and for such a long time, that it is not described as anything out of the ordinary; in fact, it is seldom even conceived of as a hardship.” 19 Mariana Chilton and Jenny Rabinowich explain also, “Caregivers are often reluctant to admit that their children may not be getting enough food due to shame or due to the fear that their children might be removed from the home by authorities.” 20 Households with children are categorized as food insecure if they answer three or more of the survey questions affirmatively. The survey consists of 18 questions (or 10 questions for households without children). Questions include: “In the last 12 months, were the children ever hungry but you just couldn’t afford more food?” (Yes/No), and “In the last 12 months, did any of the children ever not eat for a whole day because there wasn’t enough money for food?” (Yes/No). 21 At the World Food Summit in 1996, the international community agreed on the following definition of food security: “when all people Figure i.3 Prevalence of Food Insecurity, Average 2011-2013 CA OR AK WA NV ID AZ UT MT WY NM CO Source: USDA, Economic Research Service Figure i.4 CA OR WA AK NV ND SD NE TX HI KS OK Food insecurity below U.S. average ID AZ UT MT WY NM CO Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Systems MN IA MO AR LA WI IL MS IN TN AL Food insecurity above U.S. average ND SD NE TX KS OK MN IA MO AR MI KY OH GA WV SC FL PA VA NC NY Food insecurity near U.S. average Prevalence of Self-Reported Obesity Among Adults, 2013 HI LA WI GUAM 20%-
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Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Foreword by David
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Page 32 and 33: WIC agency reaches its maximum case
Page 34 and 35: Figure i.7 gress banned use of lead
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Page 42 and 43: Over the last 30 years, prices for
Page 44 and 45: For decades, in both the public and
Page 46 and 47: healthcare system in the United Sta
Page 48 and 49: THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER IN THE UNI
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Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.1 RATE OF RETURN TO INVEST
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in the most recent edition of the a
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Figure 1.14 Long-Term Services and
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HUNGER AND FOOD INSECURITY DRIVE UP
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72 CHAPTER 2 • BREAD FOR THE WORL
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Joseph Molieri/Bread for the World
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Zach Blum for Bread for the World A
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Box 2.1 ESKENAZI HEALTH CARES ABOUT
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Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Total Fruit C
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Box 2.2 MCKENNA’S WAGON AT MARTHA
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Figure 2.5 Millions $20 $15 $10 $5
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Box 2.3 FAITH, FOOD, AND COMMUNITY
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U.S. farmers producing foods aligne
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Box 2.4 SUSTAINABLE WILLIAMSON, WES
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No discussion of the anti-hunger in
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Box 2.5 MEANS AGAINST THE CLOCK Jos
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Zach Blum for Bread for the World E
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Figure 2.11 Industry With the Highe
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‘FOOD IS MEDICINE’ IN NAVAJO NA
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108 CHAPTER 3 • BREAD FOR THE WOR
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Erly Tatontos/World Bank Indonesian
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Danilo Pinzon/World Bank Most hungr
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Natalia Cieslik/World Bank In Gaza,
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USAID In Senegal, a community-based
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consequences can appear at any age.
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A mother and child at an outpatient
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must strengthen health systems, so
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Maria Fleischmann/World Bank A youn
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Box 3.1 U.S. LEADERSHIP: ENDING PRE
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Graham Crouch/World Bank In Afghani
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Arne Hoel/World Bank Access to clea
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Box 3.2 THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC RESOUR
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Thomas Sennett/World Bank Farmers p
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Dominic Chavez/World Bank A mother
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THE NUTRITION VISION OF THE 2030 AG
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A TRANSFORMATIONAL AGENDA by Asma L
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE LEADER'S RESO
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE hour to 90 mi
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE SESSION 1: HE
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE How much and
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE SESSION 2: HO
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE aspect of thi
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE SESSION 3: TH
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE government me
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE SESSION 4: EN
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE donor nations
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Endnotes Introduction (pages 10-39)
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Education: Socioeconomic Status Gra
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Shorter Lives, Poorer Health, p. 65
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South and Appalachia,” Center on
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8 Sara Rosenbaum et al. (July 2015)
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(June 2013). All quotes attributed
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44 See Note 41. 45 Will Dunham (May
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Nature Volume 493, Issue 7430. 137
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Food bank: A charitable organizatio
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Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement
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WIC Program—serves to safeguard t
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peer-reviewed academic journals bet
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Background and Context A Note on Hu
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ature indicates it is strongly rela
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staying above 15 million until May
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high prevalence of food insecurity
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a daily basis as to whether they ar
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References 1. Shepard D, Setren E,
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Exhibit A1 Health conditions for wh
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Exhibit A2 Detailed description of
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TABLE 1 Demographics & Economic Ind
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TABLE 2 MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Po
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TABLE 2 MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Po
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TABLE 3 MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Hu
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TABLE 4 MDG 2: Achieve Universal Pr
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TABLE 4 MDG 2: Achieve Universal Pr
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TABLE 6 MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortali
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TABLE 8 MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Mal
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TABLE 8 MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Mal
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TABLE 9 MDG 7: Ensure Environmental
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TABLE 10 MDG 8: Develop a Global Pa
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TABLE 10 MDG 8: Develop a Global Pa
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TABLE 12 United States: National Hu
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TABLE 13 United States Hunger, Pove
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Sources for Data Tables TABLE 10 MD
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Community of Christ engages the chu
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Acknowledgements Bread for the Worl
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Index 1,000 days, 116 401(k)/IRA, 6
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Fathalla, Mahmoud, 120 Federal Home
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Medicare, 14, 29, 33, 41, 54, 62, 6
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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs
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THE NOURISHING EFFECT

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