THE NOURISHING EFFECT

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WIC agency reaches its maximum caseload, vacancies are filled according to which applicants are determined to be most at risk nutritionally. 48 WIC has been shown to reduce the prevalence of child food insecurity by one-third and very low food security by at least two-thirds. 49 WIC has also been shown to improve birth outcomes. 50 Pregnant women who experience food insecurity and malnutrition have a much higher risk of preterm birth and delivering a child with low birth weight. The average medical cost for a premature/low birth weight baby is $49,033, compared to $4,551 for a baby In 2010, the Urban Institute analyzed close to a decade of data and found SNAP reduced food insecurity by roughly 30 percent and very low food insecurity by 20 percent. born without these complications, 51 while it costs approximately $743 a year for a pregnant woman to participate in WIC. 52 Fighting hunger remains primarily the role of the federal nutrition programs. In recent decades, the mandate has broadened to include fighting obesity. Let’s Move, the program developed by First Lady Michelle Obama to fight childhood obesity, has moved aggressively to improve the quality of school meals. Changes to foods allowable in WIC occurred at least partly to fight obesity among low-income preschoolers. Those efforts seem to be paying off, with childhood obesity levels finally leveling off. The convergence of objectives around hunger and obesity was inevitable given how much obesity has increased in recent decades. The problem is that the nutrition programs are carrying a disproportionate share of the load to fight these twin pandemics. Figure i.6 WIC Serves More Than 8 Million Low-Income Women, Infants, and Children CHILDREN 4 years old 3 years old 2 years old 1 year old INFANTS WOMEN Pregnant Breastfeeding Other postpartum Number of participants 0.7 million 1.0 million 1.1 million 1.5 million 2.0 million 0.8 million 0.6 million 0.6 million Share of total participants 9% 12% 13% 18% 24% 10% 7% 7% Women 2.0 million (24%) Infants 2.0 million (24%) Children 4.3 million (52%) Source: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (2015), Policy Basics: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. 22 INTRODUCTION • BREAD FOR <strong>THE</strong> WORLD INSTITUTE
INTRODUCTION Discrimination and the Determinants of Health The Navajo Nation, the largest reservation in the United States, straddles territory in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah: 27,000 square miles. 53 There are a total of 10 grocery stores on the reservation, an area the size of West Virginia and home to more than 180,000 people. The food insecurity rate on the reservation is five times the national average, 54 and the obesity rate three times the national average. 55 The Navajo Nation is a “food desert,” an area with limited access to affordable and nutritious foods that is most common in low-income communities. 56 In urban areas, a food desert is defined as a Census tract where at least one-third of the population lives more than a mile from the nearest supermarket or full-service grocery store. For rural areas, that distance is 10 miles. 57 The Navajo Nation may be an extreme example, but all hardships in Indian country are extreme. If we were looking for conditions in the United States similar to the ones we see in developing countries, such as families living without running water or electricity, we would go straight to Indian country. Discrimination is a known factor associated with health disparities. 58 Urban communities of color, regardless of income, have fewer supermarkets or full-service groceries than low-income white communities. 59 Living in a food desert is just one example of how discrimination harms health. Racial and ethnic minorities living in urban areas not only have poorer access to healthy food, for example, but the air they breathe is of lower quality, making them more vulnerable to respiratory illnesses. African American children are more likely to be hospitalized for asthma than white children. Rates of low birth weight are highest among African Americans, and low birth weight babies have weaker lung capacity than heavier babies, thus making them more susceptible to respiratory illness. 60 In 2015, socioeconomic inequalities in Baltimore captured our attention. The tragic death of Freddie Gray, a young African American man held in police custody, highlighted issues of police violence in the community. A health lens reveals other life threatening inequalities. Gray was exposed to hazardous levels of lead paint as a child. 61 Lead exposure is a housing-related hazard that continues to affect children in high-poverty urban areas. Approximately half a million U.S. children between the ages of 1 and 5 are exposed to toxic levels of lead every year. 62 New research shows that low levels of lead exposure once thought to be safe are harmful to children’s cognitive development. 63 In 1978, Con- Joseph Molieri/Bread for the World Supermarkets in zip codes with predominantly black residents have been found to charge more for the same products as supermarkets in zip codes with predominantly white residents. WWW.HUNGERREPORT.ORG • 2016 HUNGER REPORT 23
Page 1: THE NOURISHING EFFECT: 2016 HUNGER
Page 4 and 5: BREAD FOR THE WORLD INSTITUTE Presi
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Foreword by David
Page 8 and 9: Table of Contents Appendix 1: Feder
Page 10 and 11: Foreword: David Beckmann In 2015, w
Page 12 and 13: 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • BREAD FOR T
Page 14 and 15: Courtesy Meals on Wheels Introducti
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Page 18 and 19: Box ES.1 Conclusion A Transformatio
Page 20 and 21: 10 INTRODUCTION • BREAD FOR THE W
Page 22 and 23: USDA Photo by Lance Cheung School m
Page 24 and 25: Figure i.2 Worsening of Competing D
Page 26 and 27: Zach Blum for Bread for the World T
Page 28 and 29: Laura Elizabeth Pohl for Bread for
Page 30 and 31: USDA photo President Johnson signin
Page 34 and 35: Figure i.7 gress banned use of lead
Page 36 and 37: Box i.2 THE FOOD ENVIRONMENT IN LAT
Page 38 and 39: Rick Reinhard for Bread for the Wor
Page 40 and 41: Box i.3 MASS INCARCERATION: A PUBLI
Page 42 and 43: Over the last 30 years, prices for
Page 44 and 45: For decades, in both the public and
Page 46 and 47: healthcare system in the United Sta
Page 48 and 49: THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER IN THE UNI
Page 50 and 51: 40 CHAPTER 1 • BREAD FOR THE WORL
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.1 RATE OF RETURN TO INVEST
Page 54 and 55: Figure 1.2 10% 5% 0% Percentage of
Page 56 and 57: Home visitation programs are unique
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1.4 children healthy. Cold,
Page 60 and 61: Courtesy Children’s HealthWatch D
Page 62 and 63: Richard Lord Residents at a shelter
Page 64 and 65: Figure 1.7 Percent of Patients 100
Page 66 and 67: Todd Post/Bread for the World Growi
Page 68 and 69: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Page 70 and 71: to six times the average for their
Page 72 and 73: New York City Department of Transpo
Page 74 and 75: Box 1.3 COMMUNITY SERVINGS: IS IT N
Page 76 and 77: in the most recent edition of the a
Page 78 and 79: Figure 1.14 Long-Term Services and
Page 80 and 81: HUNGER AND FOOD INSECURITY DRIVE UP
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72 CHAPTER 2 • BREAD FOR THE WORL
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Joseph Molieri/Bread for the World
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Zach Blum for Bread for the World A
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Box 2.1 ESKENAZI HEALTH CARES ABOUT
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Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Total Fruit C
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Box 2.2 MCKENNA’S WAGON AT MARTHA
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Figure 2.5 Millions $20 $15 $10 $5
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Box 2.3 FAITH, FOOD, AND COMMUNITY
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U.S. farmers producing foods aligne
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Box 2.4 SUSTAINABLE WILLIAMSON, WES
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No discussion of the anti-hunger in
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Box 2.5 MEANS AGAINST THE CLOCK Jos
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Zach Blum for Bread for the World E
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Figure 2.11 Industry With the Highe
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‘FOOD IS MEDICINE’ IN NAVAJO NA
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108 CHAPTER 3 • BREAD FOR THE WOR
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Erly Tatontos/World Bank Indonesian
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Danilo Pinzon/World Bank Most hungr
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Natalia Cieslik/World Bank In Gaza,
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USAID In Senegal, a community-based
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consequences can appear at any age.
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A mother and child at an outpatient
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must strengthen health systems, so
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Maria Fleischmann/World Bank A youn
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Box 3.1 U.S. LEADERSHIP: ENDING PRE
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Graham Crouch/World Bank In Afghani
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Arne Hoel/World Bank Access to clea
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Box 3.2 THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC RESOUR
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Thomas Sennett/World Bank Farmers p
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Dominic Chavez/World Bank A mother
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THE NUTRITION VISION OF THE 2030 AG
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A TRANSFORMATIONAL AGENDA by Asma L
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE LEADER'S RESO
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE hour to 90 mi
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE SESSION 1: HE
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE How much and
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE SESSION 2: HO
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE aspect of thi
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE SESSION 3: TH
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE government me
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE SESSION 4: EN
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CHRISTIAN STUDY GUIDE donor nations
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Endnotes Introduction (pages 10-39)
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Education: Socioeconomic Status Gra
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Shorter Lives, Poorer Health, p. 65
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South and Appalachia,” Center on
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8 Sara Rosenbaum et al. (July 2015)
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(June 2013). All quotes attributed
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44 See Note 41. 45 Will Dunham (May
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Nature Volume 493, Issue 7430. 137
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Food bank: A charitable organizatio
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Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement
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WIC Program—serves to safeguard t
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peer-reviewed academic journals bet
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Background and Context A Note on Hu
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ature indicates it is strongly rela
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staying above 15 million until May
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high prevalence of food insecurity
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a daily basis as to whether they ar
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References 1. Shepard D, Setren E,
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Exhibit A1 Health conditions for wh
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Exhibit A2 Detailed description of
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TABLE 1 Demographics & Economic Ind
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TABLE 2 MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Po
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TABLE 2 MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Po
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TABLE 3 MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Hu
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TABLE 4 MDG 2: Achieve Universal Pr
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TABLE 4 MDG 2: Achieve Universal Pr
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TABLE 6 MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortali
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TABLE 8 MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Mal
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TABLE 8 MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Mal
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TABLE 9 MDG 7: Ensure Environmental
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TABLE 10 MDG 8: Develop a Global Pa
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TABLE 10 MDG 8: Develop a Global Pa
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TABLE 12 United States: National Hu
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TABLE 13 United States Hunger, Pove
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Sources for Data Tables TABLE 10 MD
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Community of Christ engages the chu
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Acknowledgements Bread for the Worl
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Index 1,000 days, 116 401(k)/IRA, 6
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Fathalla, Mahmoud, 120 Federal Home
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Medicare, 14, 29, 33, 41, 54, 62, 6
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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs
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THE NOURISHING EFFECT

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