89 USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1994. Conservation Plan for the Pacific <strong>Walrus</strong> in Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK. 79 pp. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2011. Threatened and endangered plants and animals. 12- month finding for listing the Pacific <strong>Walrus</strong> (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). Federal Register 76: 7634-7679. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2014. Stock Assessment Report - Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): Alaska Stock. Revised: April 2014. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. 30 pp. [FWS-R7-ES-2012-0019-0003] Vaisman, A., S. Minkov, and A. Boltunov. 2009. Impact <strong>of</strong> Trade on Arctic Species: Polar Bear, <strong>Walrus</strong> and Narwhal – Russia Component. Internal TRAFFIC Report (cited by Shadbolt et al. 2014). Vaisman, A., V. Mundy-Taylor, and K. Kecse-Nagy. 2013. Wildlife trade in the Eurasian Customs Union and in selected Central Asian countries. Secretariat <strong>of</strong> the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species <strong>of</strong> Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Geneva, Switzerland. 90 pp. van Vuuren, D.F., J. Edmonds, M. Kainuma, K. Riahi, A. Thomson, K. Hibbard, G.C. Hurtt, T. Kram, V. Krey et al. 2011. <strong>The</strong> representative concentration pathways: an overview. Clim. Change 109: 5-31. Vibe, C. 1950. <strong>The</strong> marine mammals and the marine fauna in the Thule District (northwest Greenland) with observations on ice conditions in 1939–41. Medd. Grønl. 150: 154 pp. Vibe, C. 1967. Arctic animals in relation to climatic fluctuations. Medd. Grønl. 170: 227 pp. Vishnevskaya, T.Iu., and V.A. Bychkov. 1990. <strong>The</strong> Laptev walrus, pp. 155-176 in F.H. Fay, B.P. Kelly, and B.A. Fay (eds.) <strong>The</strong> ecology and management <strong>of</strong> walrus populations. Report <strong>of</strong> an International Workshop, 26-30 March 1990, Washington, D.C. Wagemann, R. and R.E.A. Stewart. 1994. Concentrations <strong>of</strong> heavy metals and selenium in tissues and some foods <strong>of</strong> walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) from the eastern Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic, and associations between metals, age, and gender. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 426–436. Weslawski, J.M., L. Hacquebord, and L. Stempniewicz. 2000. Greenland whales and walruses in the Svalbard food web before and after exploitation. Oceanologia 42(1): 37-56. Weyant, J., C. Azar, M. Kainuma, J. Kejun, N. Nakicenovic, P.R. Shukla, E. La Rovere, and G. Yohe. 2009. Report <strong>of</strong> 2.6 Versus 2.9 Watts/m2 RCPP Evaluation Panel (PDF). IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland. Wiig, Ø., I. Gjertz, and D. Griffiths. 1996. Migration <strong>of</strong> walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) in the Svalbard and Franz Josef Land area. J. Zool., Lond. 238: 769-784. Wiig, Ø., E.W. Born, and R.E.A. Stewart. 2014. Management <strong>of</strong> Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the arctic Atlantic. NAMMCO Sci. Publ. 9: 315-342. Witting, L. and E. Born. 2005. An assessment <strong>of</strong> Greenland walrus populations. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62: 266–285.
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REPORT © Mikhail Cherkasov / WWF-R
- Page 3 and 4:
2 ABSTRACT The walrus (Odobenus ros
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4 PURPOSE AND SCOPE The WWF Arctic
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6 beginning ca. 50,000 yBP that lim
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8 Walruses from the Foxe Basin stoc
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10 al. 2003). These differences coi
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12 under favourable environmental c
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14 appeared to be male. Crude measu
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16 comparable data for proper asses
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18 (Fay 1982). The walruses that ar
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20 A joint U.S.-Russia survey, with
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22 for the conservation of walruses
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24 provisions for walrus protection
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26 northwestern and northeastern Gr
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28 Franz Josef Land was discovered
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30 USFWS 2014). The population is c
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32 they return from hunting trips (
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34 The USFWS has also developed gui
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36 how many walruses are represente
- Page 39 and 40: 38 (www.iucn.org/about/). The IUCN
- Page 41 and 42: 40 Atlantic Walruses In Canada, the
- Page 43 and 44: 42 Pacific walruses The primary sou
- Page 45 and 46: 44 Foxe Basin (BIMC 2012). It has b
- Page 47 and 48: 46 define shipping channels, season
- Page 49 and 50: 48 Alaska may be a successful manag
- Page 51 and 52: 50 of the population (Born et al. 1
- Page 53 and 54: 52 In the Bering and Chukchi seas,
- Page 55 and 56: 54 Garlich-Miller et al. (2011) ass
- Page 57 and 58: 56 Hamilton et al. (2014) assessed
- Page 59 and 60: 58 Canadian High Arctic - Northwest
- Page 61 and 62: 60 2014a, b; Lindqvist et al. 2016)
- Page 63 and 64: 62 reproduction and survival rates,
- Page 65 and 66: 64 Jurisdictions with walrus popula
- Page 67 and 68: 66 REFERENCES Allen, J.A. 1880. His
- Page 69 and 70: 68 Boertmann, D., A. Mosbech, D. Sc
- Page 71 and 72: 70 Chernook, V.I., C. Lydersen, D,M
- Page 73 and 74: 72 Durner, G.M., D.C. Douglas, R.M.
- Page 75 and 76: 74 Galicia, M.P., G.W. Thiemann, M.
- Page 77 and 78: 76 Environmental Ltd., Edmonton AB
- Page 79 and 80: 78 Collection of scientific papers
- Page 81 and 82: 80 University of Guelph, Ontario, C
- Page 83 and 84: 82 Noren S.R., M.S. Udevitz, and C.
- Page 85 and 86: 84 Phillipa, J.D.W., F.A. Leighton,
- Page 87 and 88: 86 Shitova M., M. Babushkin, A. Bol
- Page 89: 88 Swenson, J.E., A. Bjørge, K. Ko
- Page 93 and 94: 92 Figure 2. Atlantic walruses in F
- Page 95 and 96: Figure 4. Map of Atlantic walrus po
- Page 97 and 98: TABLES Table 1. Assessment of Atlan
- Page 99 and 100: 98 Population 1 Stock or area 2 Sto
- Page 101 and 102: 100 Table 2. Assessment of Pacific
- Page 103 and 104: 102 Table 3. Conservation status of
- Page 105 and 106: 104 Table 4. Summary of primary wal
- Page 107 and 108: 106 Country Subspecies Hunt managem
- Page 109 and 110: 108 Country Subspecies Hunt managem
- Page 111 and 112: 110 Country Subspecies Hunt managem
- Page 113 and 114: 112 Subspecies Population 1 Knowled
- Page 115: 114 Subspecies Population 1 Knowled
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