All About - History - Nero - Rome's Deadliest tyrant

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Artists in Arms Art & photography Neverbeforehadtherebeensuchastrongsensethatartcould and should be used as a political weapon The Weeping Woman is based on a central figure in Guernica and a recurring theme in Picasso’s work Astrikingfeatureoftheartstimulatedbythe eventsoftheSpanishCivilWarisitsvariety. Inallmedia,stretchingfrompaintings through posters to photography, and in a multitude of styles, artists sought to take sides. This was especially true in the Republican zone,wherethewarwasaccompaniedbyagreat flurryofartisticactivity. Spanishbybirth,theartistPabloPicassowas living in France at the time that the generals attemptedtheircoup.Hispoliticalsympathieswere with the Republic. When the Spanish Pavilion was designed for the International Exhibition in Paris in1937,Picassowascommissionedtopreparean artwork for it. Theresultisprobablythemostfamousartwork to emerge from the Spanish Civil War, namely his painting Guernica. Thesubjectofthepaintingis thebrutalbombingoftheancientBasquecapital of Guernica on 26 April 1937. Responsible for the destruction of the town and the deaths of unknown numbers of innocent civilians were the bombers of Hitler’s Condor Legion. Picassochosenottousearealiststyleto represent the horror of what had happened in Guernica.Rather,inthismassivepainting,Picasso employed an abstract style, employing traditional Spanishmotifssuchasthebullandthehorse,to convey to viewers his indignation at what many sawasanactoffascistbarbarism. Not surprisingly, the painting attracted a good dealofcontroversy,bothinParisatfirstandthen when it was displayed at othervenuesaroundthe world. That alone was asignofthepainting’s success in bringing global attention to the horrorsofthewarin Spain. An apocryphal anecdote has it that aGermanofficerin wartime Paris, seeing a photo of Guernica on the wall,askedPicassoifhedidthat,towhichtheartist responded, “No, you did.” Eventually, after the death of Franco and the restorationofdemocracyinSpain,thepainting wasplacedondisplayinMadrid,muchtothe angerofthosewhoresenteditscapacitytoturn artintoapoliticalweapon.Atfirstitwasprotected by bomb and bullet-proof glass as it drew millions of admirers from across the globe. Nowadays manyviewersregardthepaintingasnotjusta “It was natural thatamodernand progressive political causeshouldbe supportedbyart” condemnationofthebombingofGuernicabutof aggressive war generally. Picasso’s fellow-Spaniard Joan Miró also exhibited work in the Spanish pavilion in Paris. Closely associated with the surrealist movement, Miró elected to use an abstract style to express his pro-Republican political views. For him, it was natural that a modern and progressive political cause should be supported by art forms that were similarly modern and progressive. He and countless artists like him were convinced thatinadesperatewarfortheverysurvivalofthe Republic, art should attract the attention not just of aculturedelitebutawiderpopulation. Like Guernica, Miró’s work for the Paris exhibitionwasaverylargemural.TitledThe Reaper, it depicted a Catalan peasant carrying a sickleinonehandandmakingaclenchedfistwith theother.BorninBarcelona,Miró’sardentsupport oftheRepublicwasunderlinedbyhisdesirefor Catalan autonomy. On a much smaller scale, while THE REBELLION BEGINS 56 17 JULY 1936 UPRISING IN MOROCCO The coup, which has been planned by a group of generals, is launched in Spanish Morocco, and it will soon be followed by military risings in Spain itself. 19-20 JULY 1936 30 JULY 1936 14 AUGUST 1936 29 SEPTEMBER 1936 SPAIN DIVIDED The coup is successful in parts of southern and northern Spain, but military and popular forces that are loyal to the government manage to defeat the coup in the cities of Madrid and Barcelona. HITLER TO THE RESCUE With the increasing possibility that the coup will fail, transport aircraft provided by Hitler ferry Franco’s Army of Africa from Spanish Morocco to Spain. MASSACRE IN BADAJOZ Insurgent forces capture the town of Badajoz in south-western Spain and stage a brutal massacre of inhabitants believed to be opponents of the uprising. FRANCO EMERGES One of the generals commanding the rebel forces, Francisco Franco, who led the Spanish Army of Africa, is declared commander in chief and head of government in the rebelheld territory.
ArtistsinArms in France Miró designed a stamp, the idea being that proceeds from its sale would support the Republic.Itwasneverissued,butthemessagewas clear – Miró’s art should be brought to the masses. Photography, too, could deliver powerful messages capable of reaching millions. In the Spanish and international press, photographers working in Spain sought to convey to readers the bitter realities of modern warfare. The nature of the medium,withitsimplicitguaranteethatwhatwas shown was undistorted and unembellished reality, seemed to lend itself well to the task of influencing people’s thinking and driving them to action. Dali’s Soft Construction With Boiled Beans depicts a destructive monster – the Civil War As with artists and writers, photographers descendedonSpainfrommanypartsoftheworld. Among those foreign photographers were two Germans, Hans Namuth and George Reisner. As was the case for the Germans who fought in the International Brigades, for Namuth and Reisner theSpanishCivilWarwasachancetodefeat Franco and to secure a great victory over fascism. TriumphinSpainwouldthusbeavitalsteptoward crushing Hitler and restoring democracy in their homeland. The men had been sent to Spain in July 1936 to cover the Workers’ Olympics for the French magazine Vu. When the outbreak of war intervened,theystayedoninSpain,usingtheir photographic skills to record the impact of the war in the Republican zone. Propaganda posters Artists and politicians on both sides used posters to promote their cause When George Orwell and other foreigners arrived in Spain, they were struck by the colourful political posters that adorned the streets. This was true of Barcelona, Madrid and other Republican cities; to a lesser extent it was visible in the fascist zone as well. In a country where illiteracy rates were still high, posters were a vital means of communication. Above all the posters urged people to take up arms. By simple, visual means they sought to make clear what the war was for, who the enemy was, and why support was required. On both sides efforts were made to stress the importance of unity in the face of a common foe. In the insurgents’ zone, that meant stressing the united action of fascist and conservative forces under the leadership of Franco. In the Republican zone, it meant displaying the unity of anti-fascist forces. In Republican Spain, especially during the spontaneous flourishing of poster art in the war’s first weeks, posters also promoted social revolution. For those who designed and produced them, this was a way of illustrating the inseparability of war and revolution. Posters showed women in the front lines, or they called on peasants to support the revolution. The German Condor Legion was instrumental in both the Nationalist logistical and military capacity 12 OCTOBER 1936 26 APRIL 1937 3-8 MAY 1937 JULY-NOVEMBER 1938 1 APRIL 1939 SOVIET AID As a counter to the military assistance already reaching the insurgents, Soviet aid begins to arrive to support the Republic, helping to avert the fall of the city of Madrid. GUERNICA IS BOMBED In an act that foreshadowed the brutal bombings of World War II, the ancient Basque town of Guernica in northern Spain is razed by the German Condor Legion. THE‘MAYDAYS’IN BARCELONA Tensions in the Republican zone between moderate and revolutionary forces escalate into fighting in Barcelona; Orwell is both an observer and a participant. BATTLE OF THE EBRO The last major offensive by Republican forces takes place near the Ebro River in northern Spain, but Franco is able to launch a successful counter-offensive. FRANCO TRIUMPHANT After the capture of Madrid, Franco is able to proclaim victory for the rebels on 1 April. The war is over, though for surviving Republicans the suffering continues. 57
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The Nazi Olympics How Jesse Owens d
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CONTENTS Welcome to All About Histo
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