Hidden Figures - Margot Lee Shetterly

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engineering colleagues with their rumpled style and distracted manner seemed like exotic birds in a sanctuary. They gave us kids stacks of discarded 11×14 continuous-form computer paper, printed on one side with cryptic arrays of numbers, the blank side a canvas for crayon masterpieces. Women occupied many of the cubicles; they answered phones and sat in front of typewriters, but they also made hieroglyphic marks on transparent slides and conferred with my father and other men in the office on the stacks of documents that littered their desks. That so many of them were African American, many of them my grandmother’s age, struck me as simply a part of the natural order of things: growing up in Hampton, the face of science was brown like mine.
My dad joined Langley in 1964 as a coop student and retired in 2004 an internationally respected climate scientist. Five of my father’s seven siblings made their bones as engineers or technologists, and some of his best buddies—David Woods, Elijah Kent, Weldon Staton—carved out successful engineering careers at Langley. Our nextdoor neighbor taught physics at Hampton University. Our church abounded with mathematicians. Supersonics experts held leadership positions in my mother’s sorority, and electrical engineers sat on the board of my parents’ college alumni associations. My aunt Julia’s husband, Charles Foxx, was the son of Ruth Bates Harris, a career civil servant and fierce advocate for the advancement of women and minorities; in 1974, NASA
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION To my parents, Margaret
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Dedication Author’s Note
Page 7 and 8: About the Author Credits Copyright
Page 9 and 10: PROLOGUE Mrs. Land worked as a comp
Page 11 and 12: art collection, and haunted local a
Page 13: father drove the twenty minutes fro
Page 17 and 18: ent on studying electrical engineer
Page 19 and 20: of our social life. Every summer, m
Page 21 and 22: oardrooms to have an inkling of the
Page 23 and 24: I had known more than that number j
Page 25 and 26: who made up the majority of Langley
Page 27 and 28: lack and white women who had been h
Page 29 and 30: youth or returned to life, I starte
Page 31 and 32: But before a computer became an ina
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER ONE A Door Opens Melvin But
Page 35 and 36: one of the research facility’s ex
Page 37 and 38: disseminating its findings to the m
Page 39 and 40: had only provided the Army Air Corp
Page 41 and 42: engineers parked the planes in the
Page 43 and 44: airplane models tested in the tunne
Page 45 and 46: conscripted what seemed like entire
Page 47 and 48: thousand Negroes to the nation’s
Page 49 and 50: of the defense industry, and Execut
Page 51 and 52: The Warehouse Building, a brand-new
Page 53 and 54: law—and Virginia custom—kept hi
Page 55 and 56: e moved. The black female mathemati
Page 57 and 58: The laundry room was both one of th
Page 59 and 60: at the bottom of the war’s great
Page 61 and 62: In the summer of 1943, Dorothy jump
Page 63 and 64: ace. She did nothing to draw attent
Page 65 and 66:
City, Missouri. Her own mother died
Page 67 and 68:
little while, will look on with int
Page 69 and 70:
either to her race or to her gender
Page 71 and 72:
school year. The Depression-fueled
Page 73 and 74:
Farmville’s Beulah AME Church, it
Page 75 and 76:
Dorothy’s house on South Main sat
Page 77 and 78:
Bemis Laboratory, graduates of Engi
Page 79 and 80:
Teacher, preacher, doctor, lawyer
Page 81 and 82:
CHAPTER THREE Past Is Prologue The
Page 83 and 84:
leadership and creativity to mainta
Page 85 and 86:
sale, each purchase a small offset
Page 87 and 88:
made up her mind. Once Dorothy made
Page 89 and 90:
The Colored waiting room at the Gre
Page 91 and 92:
father’s extended absences, they
Page 93 and 94:
Dorothy, who knew the call of the o
Page 95 and 96:
Katherine lived in Marion, Virginia
Page 97 and 98:
ending graduate school admission po
Page 99 and 100:
domestic life winning out over care
Page 101 and 102:
Tidewater region advanced toward Do
Page 103 and 104:
etreated against the rolling tide o
Page 105 and 106:
war towns like summer rain. Negro r
Page 107 and 108:
usinesses sprinted to keep pace. Lo
Page 109 and 110:
largest defense housing project—t
Page 111 and 112:
existence was reduced to its simple
Page 113 and 114:
segregation laws were designed to r
Page 115 and 116:
with people who had stepped beyond
Page 117 and 118:
Practices Committee brought about a
Page 119 and 120:
endless abuse at the hands of white
Page 121 and 122:
Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Pract
Page 123 and 124:
eloquent sermons and maverick views
Page 125 and 126:
What are we fighting for? they aske
Page 127 and 128:
lessings of democracy was the featu
Page 129 and 130:
of government just as surely as the
Page 131 and 132:
either side—that sealed her statu
Page 133 and 134:
whose company, J. S. Darling and So
Page 135 and 136:
futuristic aspect of the landscape
Page 137 and 138:
the desks, plying the machines for
Page 139 and 140:
Wilberforce. By securing jobs in La
Page 141 and 142:
and supervised Margery Hannah and t
Page 143 and 144:
number and complexity, an employee
Page 145 and 146:
into the “slow but deadly” SBD
Page 147 and 148:
practical footwear that could stand
Page 149 and 150:
proscribed in the same fashion. The
Page 151 and 152:
Commonwealth of Virginia’s discri
Page 153 and 154:
new sign just as blankly menacing a
Page 155 and 156:
The Manns lived on Hampton Institut
Page 157 and 158:
leader of all black colleges in pro
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openings with the same care and pro
Page 161 and 162:
openly defied southern conventions.
Page 163 and 164:
pragmatic majority, the West Comput
Page 165 and 166:
a neighboring table; they just want
Page 167 and 168:
Miriam Mann, and Kathryn Peddrew we
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER SIX War Birds Readers of bl
Page 171 and 172:
1944 the 332nd was flying North Ame
Page 173 and 174:
most powerful offensive weapons—a
Page 175 and 176:
committee. Amelia Earhart nearly lo
Page 177 and 178:
thought they had a better way to do
Page 179 and 180:
in one of the wind tunnels, shoulde
Page 181 and 182:
Turbulent flows, like the swirl and
Page 183 and 184:
identifying how to make a good plan
Page 185 and 186:
owboat. But in order to accelerate
Page 187 and 188:
—the West Area Computers received
Page 189 and 190:
lost their X designation—the B-29
Page 191 and 192:
ased on testing worked in the small
Page 193 and 194:
pulleth a boner of any kind whatsoe
Page 195 and 196:
work was making a difference in the
Page 197 and 198:
CHAPTER SEVEN The Duration The firs
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Newsome Park, picking up the keys t
Page 201 and 202:
Lassiter Courts, Orcutt Homes, and
Page 203 and 204:
exhorted residents to turn out for
Page 205 and 206:
children on a separate path forward
Page 207 and 208:
can’t-get-there-from-here points
Page 209 and 210:
to be the war to truly end all wars
Page 211 and 212:
had come economic security, and a g
Page 213 and 214:
kept the poor of all races divided
Page 215 and 216:
and Copeland Parks under slum clear
Page 217 and 218:
might have missed her calling in th
Page 219 and 220:
dressed up and met the Manns at the
Page 221 and 222:
and pain lay in store for the unfor
Page 223 and 224:
including the principal, made less
Page 225 and 226:
Joshua and Joylette Coleman’s fou
Page 227 and 228:
Virginia State Institute. Income fr
Page 229 and 230:
and Katherine and her sister took j
Page 231 and 232:
was, like W. E. B. Du Bois and Book
Page 233 and 234:
with one hand and just as quickly e
Page 235 and 236:
opened and on humiliating terms.”
Page 237 and 238:
off to West Virginia, they got marr
Page 239 and 240:
the ruling. Rather than fight, Holt
Page 241 and 242:
the professors treated her fairly,
Page 243 and 244:
passage of time, it was easy to bel
Page 245 and 246:
The youngest Vaughan children were
Page 247 and 248:
Miriam Mann, and the Peddrews— Ka
Page 249 and 250:
Institute’s bookkeeper and local
Page 251 and 252:
herself from the leftovers. She did
Page 253 and 254:
the region like waves on the shores
Page 255 and 256:
laboratory when they were ready to
Page 257 and 258:
Nearly to a woman, the West Compute
Page 259 and 260:
who supported their factory workers
Page 261 and 262:
1934, it was as a subprofessional s
Page 263 and 264:
numbers that bedeviled her days. Sh
Page 265 and 266:
imperative of drag cleanup—the pr
Page 267 and 268:
approached Mach 1, or 100 percent o
Page 269 and 270:
NACA’s first female engineer and
Page 271 and 272:
eached the end of the road. Over th
Page 273 and 274:
had no research credit to her name.
Page 275 and 276:
Arkansas AM&N, a black college that
Page 277 and 278:
movies at the Hampton Institute the
Page 279 and 280:
Marge’s upward move resulted in o
Page 281 and 282:
the women were proficient in basic
Page 283 and 284:
Loads Building to help the women de
Page 285 and 286:
Blanche turned her back on the grou
Page 287 and 288:
cure an illness that would eventual
Page 289 and 290:
laws of the state applied just as v
Page 291 and 292:
knew it, and her bosses eventually
Page 293 and 294:
the laboratory during the war, woul
Page 295 and 296:
“Confederate-set inferno” that
Page 297 and 298:
Hampton Institute campus, was like
Page 299 and 300:
school system already employed two
Page 301 and 302:
tireless service, religious devotio
Page 303 and 304:
the King Street USO and the end of
Page 305 and 306:
their lives. With a leader as creat
Page 307 and 308:
“Hold on a minute!” she said su
Page 309 and 310:
passed through the office, she was
Page 311 and 312:
would not back down before any riva
Page 313 and 314:
As a plane accelerated from high su
Page 315 and 316:
known only as Project 506 was revea
Page 317 and 318:
trial was all the evidence many cit
Page 319 and 320:
The Stability Research Division, wh
Page 321 and 322:
empowerment and one of the leaders
Page 323 and 324:
Even A. Philip Randolph, an avowed
Page 325 and 326:
estaurants in Maryland. The humilia
Page 327 and 328:
teeth of the wartime mandate that h
Page 329 and 330:
government. Among the middle-class
Page 331 and 332:
CHAPTER ELEVEN The Area Rule In the
Page 333 and 334:
East Area might put in a phone call
Page 335 and 336:
same workplace as her white counter
Page 337 and 338:
good nature and prodigious research
Page 339 and 340:
paid close attention to her surroun
Page 341 and 342:
proven when Langley built a small t
Page 343 and 344:
and gained a measure of local celeb
Page 345 and 346:
safer planes. Of course, the NACA w
Page 347 and 348:
take a leave of absence from the wo
Page 349 and 350:
engineering positions through the C
Page 351 and 352:
eferring to the black engineers who
Page 353 and 354:
do anything to impress. John Becker
Page 355 and 356:
morning until the time they put on
Page 357 and 358:
CHAPTER TWELVE Serendipity It had a
Page 359 and 360:
Carolina. The simple but elegant we
Page 361 and 362:
director of the Newsome Park Commun
Page 363 and 364:
summer break from school, the Goble
Page 365 and 366:
Hampton Roads was far from Jimmy’
Page 367 and 368:
heat; many was the night she pined
Page 369 and 370:
oth as a mathematician and as a man
Page 371 and 372:
a job that paid her three times her
Page 373 and 374:
Langley for a two-day conference on
Page 375 and 376:
would both depend on the events in
Page 377 and 378:
prejudice. But these days, there wa
Page 379 and 380:
mind focusing on the good fortune t
Page 381 and 382:
month probational appointment. Succ
Page 383 and 384:
an assistant division chief for man
Page 385 and 386:
was a keeper, and they had no inten
Page 387 and 388:
her inquiries with gusto: they coul
Page 389 and 390:
day, she sat in a dark room and pee
Page 391 and 392:
sky. That research, and other inves
Page 393 and 394:
all as smart as whips. There was no
Page 395 and 396:
outine, another reminder of the cas
Page 397 and 398:
Virginia accent, Katherine might ha
Page 399 and 400:
Katherine after two years in Newpor
Page 401 and 402:
success that included home ownershi
Page 403 and 404:
imagine a dream house but to plan t
Page 405 and 406:
widow and her three adolescent daug
Page 407 and 408:
the Christmas holidays, she accompa
Page 409 and 410:
world that she would teach Roman nu
Page 411 and 412:
feel their weight on her own should
Page 413 and 414:
thirty-eight years old, she found h
Page 415 and 416:
dubbed the American Century. Jet en
Page 417 and 418:
gunmetal-gray block to solve engine
Page 419 and 420:
trajectory analyses in a way that s
Page 421 and 422:
The female mathematicians’ job se
Page 423 and 424:
to sever the link between separate
Page 425 and 426:
courageous teenagers set in motion
Page 427 and 428:
comers. It held one engineering cou
Page 429 and 430:
declared his pleading moot. As Hamp
Page 431 and 432:
fit for the job. He was white, male
Page 433 and 434:
suggested that she enroll in the la
Page 435 and 436:
had been forced to sue the Universi
Page 437 and 438:
too hard, her parents had worked to
Page 439 and 440:
combine the resources to build a be
Page 441 and 442:
named Gerald Rainey. Rainey instruc
Page 443 and 444:
some of the staff had to the presen
Page 445 and 446:
answered as they had each time thei
Page 447 and 448:
moved from shadow to sun, the purpl
Page 449 and 450:
crisis unfolded over days, each mor
Page 451 and 452:
American democracy. That is, until
Page 453 and 454:
the way to underground refuge from
Page 455 and 456:
declared, was nothing less than a t
Page 457 and 458:
editorial in the Cleveland Call and
Page 459 and 460:
can’t let them beat us, she thoug
Page 461 and 462:
Avenue School, was black. Most of t
Page 463 and 464:
Mann (unrelated to West Computing
Page 465 and 466:
father taught her the tricks like p
Page 467 and 468:
the time she turned five, Desma Man
Page 469 and 470:
Calloway’s niece attended in the
Page 471 and 472:
Greensboro public school system. Ch
Page 473 and 474:
United Negro College Fund. “I’v
Page 475 and 476:
United States still struggled to fi
Page 477 and 478:
CHAPTER SIXTEEN What a Difference a
Page 479 and 480:
little too far out to warrant syste
Page 481 and 482:
Physicists, chemists, geologists, a
Page 483 and 484:
with the answer. Space had long bee
Page 485 and 486:
With the US government desperate to
Page 487 and 488:
louder, engineers from PARD and the
Page 489 and 490:
NACA’s three main laboratories. T
Page 491 and 492:
fundamental problems of flight beca
Page 493 and 494:
The defense machine’s hunger virt
Page 495 and 496:
attenuated over time. Dismantling E
Page 497 and 498:
children. An engineer’s wife gave
Page 499 and 500:
yield their seats in the “white
Page 501 and 502:
public school that tried to integra
Page 503 and 504:
ending West Area Computing only aft
Page 505 and 506:
United States.” It would take a l
Page 507 and 508:
public operations of the military s
Page 509 and 510:
assistant director, Floyd Thompson,
Page 511 and 512:
1980s, but with the modesty charact
Page 513 and 514:
With their educations on track and
Page 515 and 516:
Vaughan a fresh start as well. She
Page 517 and 518:
automobile than a baby carriage,”
Page 519 and 520:
put forth a vague, practically usel
Page 521 and 522:
Ray Moulton. So the engineers, who
Page 523 and 524:
the Monroe calculator and filling o
Page 525 and 526:
news. But however close she sat to
Page 527 and 528:
designed to clarify the marching or
Page 529 and 530:
answer nature’s call—a law she
Page 531 and 532:
eyes of their bosses. Five out of t
Page 533 and 534:
interactions with the men. Too much
Page 535 and 536:
withstand pressure. Their path to a
Page 537 and 538:
everyone who had helped her to reac
Page 539 and 540:
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN With All Deliberat
Page 541 and 542:
creating a brain trust at Mother La
Page 543 and 544:
Virginia closed the public schools,
Page 545 and 546:
School. The school board, however,
Page 547 and 548:
their mother made regular appearanc
Page 549 and 550:
into practice. James A. Johnson, bo
Page 551 and 552:
together at dances and dinner parti
Page 553 and 554:
lead, it was the simplest, fastest,
Page 555 and 556:
enough to fit into the lunchbox of
Page 557 and 558:
To the engineers on Katherine’s d
Page 559 and 560:
thousands of woman-hours computing
Page 561 and 562:
Skopinski. Working with Skopinski a
Page 563 and 564:
—the fact that it was not perfect
Page 565 and 566:
Angle report was the work of the Fl
Page 567 and 568:
leary-eyed days of 1959, she accept
Page 569 and 570:
had been set the year before by an
Page 571 and 572:
weekend, approached. Mary helped he
Page 573 and 574:
fifty thousand boys gearing up to c
Page 575 and 576:
adolescent insolence and tears be d
Page 577 and 578:
Entering the derby was tantamount t
Page 579 and 580:
open to black boys, would have reje
Page 581 and 582:
Four-foot Supersonic Pressure Tunne
Page 583 and 584:
looked like them. Serving as the le
Page 585 and 586:
and returned with tales for her you
Page 587 and 588:
at the summit of the Twenty-Fifth S
Page 589 and 590:
hour. His family fell upon him in a
Page 591 and 592:
else might be possible? Achievement
Page 593 and 594:
CHAPTER TWENTY Degrees of Freedom I
Page 595 and 596:
arrested this afternoon when I went
Page 597 and 598:
carrying a full semester of courses
Page 599 and 600:
lack president at the helm for the
Page 601 and 602:
moved: they defunded the entire cou
Page 603 and 604:
already found permanent positions i
Page 605 and 606:
promoted from an all-female service
Page 607 and 608:
girls, Dorothy made a date with the
Page 609 and 610:
correct order. As powerful as ACD
Page 611 and 612:
put all available resources behind
Page 613 and 614:
unpredictable from the start: on Ja
Page 615 and 616:
thorough plan. Now they executed it
Page 617 and 618:
only fifteen minutes and twenty-two
Page 619 and 620:
of eighteen thousand people. The bu
Page 621 and 622:
Side, Katherine’s former colleagu
Page 623 and 624:
suborbital flight, came and went in
Page 625 and 626:
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Out of the Past,
Page 627 and 628:
velocity, the aerodynamic pressure
Page 629 and 630:
from the capsule in the Back River
Page 631 and 632:
Eisenhower’s watch. Additional te
Page 633 and 634:
full checkout of his flight plan. B
Page 635 and 636:
machines’ data only to find error
Page 637 and 638:
The space age and television were c
Page 639 and 640:
pushing for answers to their inquir
Page 641 and 642:
It was at Langley where the progres
Page 643 and 644:
ange for work. The Scout rocket had
Page 645 and 646:
whose greatest talents had been rec
Page 647 and 648:
of accident, harmony, favor, wisdom
Page 649 and 650:
guide and control the rocket and ca
Page 651 and 652:
world. On the map were inscribed si
Page 653 and 654:
ut it faced computer glitches and c
Page 655 and 656:
of sending her numbers to be checke
Page 657 and 658:
orbits. But then, during the first
Page 659 and 660:
just minutes before was preparing h
Page 661 and 662:
News: along the shipyard, over the
Page 663 and 664:
1962, a glamorous Katherine Johnson
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO America Is for E
Page 667 and 668:
space vehicle.” The document, cre
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Randolph brought together a group t
Page 671 and 672:
the crowd, easing into his prepared
Page 673 and 674:
through the doors at Langley, the w
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Virginia State University in Peters
Page 677 and 678:
church with her husband and two you
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asis. They hosted card parties and
Page 681 and 682:
their favorites. Christine Darden a
Page 683 and 684:
plans were destroyed in the Februar
Page 685 and 686:
up. The command service module was
Page 687 and 688:
oard the spacecraft and the astrona
Page 689 and 690:
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE To Boldly Go I
Page 691 and 692:
the janitresses and washerwomen and
Page 693 and 694:
window, all observing the same thin
Page 695 and 696:
The intensity of the last few days
Page 697 and 698:
around the country ranged from mode
Page 699 and 700:
get past the bellman—delights lik
Page 701 and 702:
needs of the jet set at the Greenbr
Page 703 and 704:
in the trenches of Mission Control.
Page 705 and 706:
optimism, a certain idealism about
Page 707 and 708:
South. The bill only made it over t
Page 709 and 710:
others found themselves the only bl
Page 711 and 712:
Star Trek landed in American homes
Page 713 and 714:
That weekend Nichols attended a cel
Page 715 and 716:
How could Katherine not be a fan? E
Page 717 and 718:
immediately. Even without the press
Page 719 and 720:
nights in front of the Friden calcu
Page 721 and 722:
Aldrin on the Moon would have a bri
Page 723 and 724:
EPILOGUE It’s the question that c
Page 725 and 726:
fingerprint on what is considered h
Page 727 and 728:
Katherine and her colleague Al Hame
Page 729 and 730:
glamorous days of the space program
Page 731 and 732:
Virginia. And a charter high school
Page 733 and 734:
was from her descriptions to me in
Page 735 and 736:
waiting for the rest of us to catch
Page 737 and 738:
dream of Dr. King that had rung out
Page 739 and 740:
Apollo program was clamorous, but t
Page 741 and 742:
new decade were less glamorous, but
Page 743 and 744:
agency would never return to the gl
Page 745 and 746:
computers in aeronautical research,
Page 747 and 748:
the third member of Mary and Kaz’
Page 749 and 750:
in other workplaces, a prime locati
Page 751 and 752:
wasn’t wired to take the easy roa
Page 753 and 754:
determined to push for opportunitie
Page 755 and 756:
good-bye to one of my favorite “c
Page 757 and 758:
gave Gloria the chance to advance f
Page 759 and 760:
who spent the summer interning with
Page 761 and 762:
to “reprogram” the computers in
Page 763 and 764:
Jackson Sr., had spent the end of h
Page 765 and 766:
een an exciting place in the run-up
Page 767 and 768:
Christine went directly to the divi
Page 769 and 770:
esearchers Richard Seabass and Albe
Page 771 and 772:
An upper-level supervisor denied he
Page 773 and 774:
chart and showed it to the head of
Page 775 and 776:
Butler, a white man, who also held
Page 777 and 778:
was perhaps the only photographic e
Page 779 and 780:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The title of this b
Page 781 and 782:
comprehensive database of all the f
Page 783 and 784:
Museum for inviting me to be part o
Page 785 and 786:
questions regarding the months lead
Page 787 and 788:
instrumental in helping me reconstr
Page 789 and 790:
Wynn have been my hometown cheering
Page 791 and 792:
of the book proposal, improving it
Page 793 and 794:
National Aeronautics and Space Admi
Page 795 and 796:
Baltimore Afro-American. Archive ac
Page 797 and 798:
PDF and ebook formats at http://his
Page 799 and 800:
interviews with prominent African A
Page 801 and 802:
Katherine G. Johnson, Newport News,
Page 803 and 804:
Champine, Gloria. He’s Got the Ri
Page 805 and 806:
History of the NACA and NASA, 1915-
Page 807 and 808:
Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rig
Page 809 and 810:
Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917- 1958
Page 811 and 812:
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. K
Page 813 and 814:
Pearcy, Arthur. Flying the Frontier
Page 815 and 816:
Action 1940-1972. Baltimore: Johns
Page 817 and 818:
Economic Research, 2004, http://www
Page 819 and 820:
Gainer, Mary E. and Robert C. Moyer
Page 821 and 822:
Tunnels.” Ebony Magazine, August
Page 823 and 824:
“USO Secretary Weds Navy Man.”
Page 825 and 826:
xvi two white head computers: Blanc
Page 827 and 828:
1943, NARA Phil. 1 Every morning at
Page 829 and 830:
2012), 11. 3 the largest industry i
Page 831 and 832:
7 practical solutions: In the NACA
Page 833 and 834:
10 supported three workers: Kathryn
Page 835 and 836:
microfilm: 1374800, Ancestry.com. 1
Page 837 and 838:
Unemployment in the 1930s,” Journ
Page 839 and 840:
Mann Harris, personal interview, Ma
Page 841 and 842:
20 put war stamps on sale: Ibid. 20
Page 843 and 844:
(Parkersburg, WV: Trans Allegheny B
Page 845 and 846:
6, 2011. CHAPTER 4: THE DOUBLE V 27
Page 847 and 848:
Roads Port of Embarkation in World
Page 849 and 850:
November 13, 1943; “VPS Begins Tw
Page 851 and 852:
33 “There is no power in the worl
Page 853 and 854:
of Virginia”: Hansen, Engineer in
Page 855 and 856:
2014; Miriam Mann Harris, “Miriam
Page 857 and 858:
James A. Johnson, personal intervie
Page 859 and 860:
NASA and Langley archives at the La
Page 861 and 862:
51 flying North American P-51 Musta
Page 863 and 864:
Aeronautics 1915-1958 (Washington,
Page 865 and 866:
Paige, “Newsome Park Echoes,” N
Page 867 and 868:
1945. 66 their white, Gentile-only
Page 869 and 870:
1944. CHAPTER 8: THOSE WHO MOVE FOR
Page 871 and 872:
The History of the Greenbrier, 113.
Page 873 and 874:
73 received an offer to join the in
Page 875 and 876:
2013. 75 walked away from an offer
Page 877 and 878:
79 just $96: Martha J. Bailey and W
Page 879 and 880:
formed after the Langley laboratory
Page 881 and 882:
Memorandum for Section Heads and Di
Page 883 and 884:
aerodynamics text High Speed Wing T
Page 885 and 886:
Laboratory,” Memorandum for the S
Page 887 and 888:
Sanatorium: Ibid. 91 “It appears
Page 889 and 890:
highest honors: “Mary W. Jackson
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97 field trips to the crab factory:
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1940-1949-winners. 100 Project 506:
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September 2003. 102 Eastman Jacobs,
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Employment.” 105 science textbook
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author, Swedish economist Gunnar My
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and Corliss, Wind Tunnels of NASA,
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113 “Jaybird was as fair as it go
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118 the director of the Newsome Par
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122 “The Flight Research Division
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ackground in the work being done by
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131 some of the black employees: Th
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135 Family lore had it: Hylick inte
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138 destined for the lab’s financ
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Cones at Supersonic Speeds,” Lang
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Over US”: New York Times, October
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York Times, July 5, 2008. 154 nonex
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157 Bettye Tillman and JoAnne Smart
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Relating to a Satellite Study, RA-
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January 14-17, 2002, Reno, Nevada,
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school districts to integrate: Smit
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y the President’s Science Advisor
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18, 2014, http://www.marieclaire.co
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181 “they were all the same”: J
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186 Mary Jackson had been one of hi
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and Guide, July 2, 1960. 194 nine-h
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198 So Mary enlisted the help of He
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256. 201 three hundred had joined t
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documents to support this, many in
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1961. 208 Have the chimpanzee: Swen
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214 “a Rube Goldberg device on to
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Saul Gass, “Project Mercury Real-
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career woman!”: “Lady Mathemati
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scenes role helping to organize the
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Apollo 11 Moon Landing,” Smithson
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lack publications, its small blacka
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243 face-to-face with Dr. Martin Lu
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246 “grand tour” of the outer p
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249 “They are loud in their prais
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R. Benson, Quieting the Boom: The S
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“Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women
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15. Gloria’s father’s crew work
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man: Christine Darden, The History
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Champine, personal interview, July
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Aerospace Mechanics Division, 182 A
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218, 221, 223 atomic war, 98, 151-1
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“masked” around whites, 109 Moo
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Colored waiting room, 22 entering a
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Cherry, Mary, 16 Civil Rights Act (
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Cold War “Communist” epithet, 6
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“fly-by-wire” Mercury missions,
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See also mathematicians men as, 205
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Darling Stadium, 225 “data analys
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Eisenhower, Dwight D. Introduction
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significance to blacks, 15-16, 32,
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Goble, James Francis “Jimmy” as
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electricity rationing and wind tunn
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West Computing section head, xvii,
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604 and 650 for trajectories, 138 7
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Girl Scout leader, 95, 97-98, 108,
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25, 75-76 homeowner, 132-133, 185-1
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Keating, Jean Clark (scientist), 17
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Rosenberg trial repercussions, 101-
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Malvestuto, Frank, 112 Maneuver Loa
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acial integration of women, 205 sal
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Moon shot cost of space program, 24
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Joseph McCarthy target, 102 teacher
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charter of, 171 cost of space progr
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newspapers. See black newspapers Ni
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Presidential Medal of Freedom, 172,
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221, 258 trajectories, 189-191, 214
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Robinson, Jackie, 140 Robinson, Spo
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International Geophysical Year, 162
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East End, 29-30, 61-62 federal defe
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Smart, JoAnne, 157 Smith, Benjamin
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illness, 89-91 West Computing secti
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airmen Taylor, Ophelia (West Comput
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transonic region, 100, 110-111, 137
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125-126 Langley first day, 37, 39,
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size increase, 41, 107, 111 West Co
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Mary Winston women author Doris Coh
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Young, P. B., 34 Young, Pearl FBI q
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CREDITS Cover design by Elsie Lyons
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HarperCollins e-books. FIRST EDITIO
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New Zealand HarperCollins Publisher
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