Hidden Figures - Margot Lee Shetterly

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distance from the matter might have been a strategic decision on the part of both men: if the approval process took place quietly, through the “color-blind” bureaucratic gears of the US Civil Service Commission, there was less chance of derailing an advance that served both their missions. The word about the Colored Computers made the round in the community, naturally, and there were those who saw in their employment evidence that the world was coming to an end. Even among the local gentry who attended concerts and theater at Hampton Institute’s grand concert auditorium, Ogden Hall, there were those who expected to be seated at the front of the hall, apart even from the school’s black faculty and administrators. Some of Langley’s white employees
openly defied southern conventions. Head computer Margery Hannah went out of her way to treat the West Area women as equals, and had even invited some of them to work-related social affairs at her apartment. This was nearly unheard of, and made Marge a pariah as far as some white colleagues were concerned. One of the most brilliant engineers on the laboratory’s staff took an active interest in standing up to the prejudice he saw around town. Robert “R. T.” Jones, whose theory on triangular delta-shaped airplane wings would revolutionize the discipline, was walking through the streets of Hampton one evening when he came upon a group of Hampton police officers harassing a black man. The cops were on the verge of beating the man up
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DEDICATION To my parents, Margaret
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CONTENTS Dedication Author’s Note
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About the Author Credits Copyright
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PROLOGUE Mrs. Land worked as a comp
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art collection, and haunted local a
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father drove the twenty minutes fro
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My dad joined Langley in 1964 as a
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ent on studying electrical engineer
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of our social life. Every summer, m
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oardrooms to have an inkling of the
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I had known more than that number j
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who made up the majority of Langley
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lack and white women who had been h
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youth or returned to life, I starte
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But before a computer became an ina
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CHAPTER ONE A Door Opens Melvin But
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one of the research facility’s ex
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disseminating its findings to the m
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had only provided the Army Air Corp
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engineers parked the planes in the
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airplane models tested in the tunne
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conscripted what seemed like entire
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thousand Negroes to the nation’s
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of the defense industry, and Execut
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The Warehouse Building, a brand-new
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law—and Virginia custom—kept hi
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e moved. The black female mathemati
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The laundry room was both one of th
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at the bottom of the war’s great
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In the summer of 1943, Dorothy jump
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ace. She did nothing to draw attent
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City, Missouri. Her own mother died
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little while, will look on with int
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either to her race or to her gender
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school year. The Depression-fueled
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Farmville’s Beulah AME Church, it
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Dorothy’s house on South Main sat
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Bemis Laboratory, graduates of Engi
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Teacher, preacher, doctor, lawyer
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CHAPTER THREE Past Is Prologue The
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leadership and creativity to mainta
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sale, each purchase a small offset
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made up her mind. Once Dorothy made
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The Colored waiting room at the Gre
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father’s extended absences, they
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Dorothy, who knew the call of the o
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Katherine lived in Marion, Virginia
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ending graduate school admission po
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domestic life winning out over care
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Tidewater region advanced toward Do
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etreated against the rolling tide o
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war towns like summer rain. Negro r
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usinesses sprinted to keep pace. Lo
Page 109 and 110: largest defense housing project—t
Page 111 and 112: existence was reduced to its simple
Page 113 and 114: segregation laws were designed to r
Page 115 and 116: with people who had stepped beyond
Page 117 and 118: Practices Committee brought about a
Page 119 and 120: endless abuse at the hands of white
Page 121 and 122: Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Pract
Page 123 and 124: eloquent sermons and maverick views
Page 125 and 126: What are we fighting for? they aske
Page 127 and 128: lessings of democracy was the featu
Page 129 and 130: of government just as surely as the
Page 131 and 132: either side—that sealed her statu
Page 133 and 134: whose company, J. S. Darling and So
Page 135 and 136: futuristic aspect of the landscape
Page 137 and 138: the desks, plying the machines for
Page 139 and 140: Wilberforce. By securing jobs in La
Page 141 and 142: and supervised Margery Hannah and t
Page 143 and 144: number and complexity, an employee
Page 145 and 146: into the “slow but deadly” SBD
Page 147 and 148: practical footwear that could stand
Page 149 and 150: proscribed in the same fashion. The
Page 151 and 152: Commonwealth of Virginia’s discri
Page 153 and 154: new sign just as blankly menacing a
Page 155 and 156: The Manns lived on Hampton Institut
Page 157 and 158: leader of all black colleges in pro
Page 159: openings with the same care and pro
Page 163 and 164: pragmatic majority, the West Comput
Page 165 and 166: a neighboring table; they just want
Page 167 and 168: Miriam Mann, and Kathryn Peddrew we
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER SIX War Birds Readers of bl
Page 171 and 172: 1944 the 332nd was flying North Ame
Page 173 and 174: most powerful offensive weapons—a
Page 175 and 176: committee. Amelia Earhart nearly lo
Page 177 and 178: thought they had a better way to do
Page 179 and 180: in one of the wind tunnels, shoulde
Page 181 and 182: Turbulent flows, like the swirl and
Page 183 and 184: identifying how to make a good plan
Page 185 and 186: owboat. But in order to accelerate
Page 187 and 188: —the West Area Computers received
Page 189 and 190: lost their X designation—the B-29
Page 191 and 192: ased on testing worked in the small
Page 193 and 194: pulleth a boner of any kind whatsoe
Page 195 and 196: work was making a difference in the
Page 197 and 198: CHAPTER SEVEN The Duration The firs
Page 199 and 200: Newsome Park, picking up the keys t
Page 201 and 202: Lassiter Courts, Orcutt Homes, and
Page 203 and 204: exhorted residents to turn out for
Page 205 and 206: children on a separate path forward
Page 207 and 208: can’t-get-there-from-here points
Page 209 and 210: to be the war to truly end all wars
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had come economic security, and a g
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kept the poor of all races divided
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and Copeland Parks under slum clear
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might have missed her calling in th
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dressed up and met the Manns at the
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and pain lay in store for the unfor
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including the principal, made less
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Joshua and Joylette Coleman’s fou
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Virginia State Institute. Income fr
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and Katherine and her sister took j
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was, like W. E. B. Du Bois and Book
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with one hand and just as quickly e
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opened and on humiliating terms.”
Page 237 and 238:
off to West Virginia, they got marr
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the ruling. Rather than fight, Holt
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the professors treated her fairly,
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passage of time, it was easy to bel
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The youngest Vaughan children were
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Miriam Mann, and the Peddrews— Ka
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Institute’s bookkeeper and local
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herself from the leftovers. She did
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the region like waves on the shores
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laboratory when they were ready to
Page 257 and 258:
Nearly to a woman, the West Compute
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who supported their factory workers
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1934, it was as a subprofessional s
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numbers that bedeviled her days. Sh
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imperative of drag cleanup—the pr
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approached Mach 1, or 100 percent o
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NACA’s first female engineer and
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eached the end of the road. Over th
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had no research credit to her name.
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Arkansas AM&N, a black college that
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movies at the Hampton Institute the
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Marge’s upward move resulted in o
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the women were proficient in basic
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Loads Building to help the women de
Page 285 and 286:
Blanche turned her back on the grou
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cure an illness that would eventual
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laws of the state applied just as v
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knew it, and her bosses eventually
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the laboratory during the war, woul
Page 295 and 296:
“Confederate-set inferno” that
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Hampton Institute campus, was like
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school system already employed two
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tireless service, religious devotio
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the King Street USO and the end of
Page 305 and 306:
their lives. With a leader as creat
Page 307 and 308:
“Hold on a minute!” she said su
Page 309 and 310:
passed through the office, she was
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would not back down before any riva
Page 313 and 314:
As a plane accelerated from high su
Page 315 and 316:
known only as Project 506 was revea
Page 317 and 318:
trial was all the evidence many cit
Page 319 and 320:
The Stability Research Division, wh
Page 321 and 322:
empowerment and one of the leaders
Page 323 and 324:
Even A. Philip Randolph, an avowed
Page 325 and 326:
estaurants in Maryland. The humilia
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teeth of the wartime mandate that h
Page 329 and 330:
government. Among the middle-class
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CHAPTER ELEVEN The Area Rule In the
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East Area might put in a phone call
Page 335 and 336:
same workplace as her white counter
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good nature and prodigious research
Page 339 and 340:
paid close attention to her surroun
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proven when Langley built a small t
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and gained a measure of local celeb
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safer planes. Of course, the NACA w
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take a leave of absence from the wo
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engineering positions through the C
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eferring to the black engineers who
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do anything to impress. John Becker
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morning until the time they put on
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CHAPTER TWELVE Serendipity It had a
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Carolina. The simple but elegant we
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director of the Newsome Park Commun
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summer break from school, the Goble
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Hampton Roads was far from Jimmy’
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heat; many was the night she pined
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oth as a mathematician and as a man
Page 371 and 372:
a job that paid her three times her
Page 373 and 374:
Langley for a two-day conference on
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would both depend on the events in
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prejudice. But these days, there wa
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mind focusing on the good fortune t
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month probational appointment. Succ
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an assistant division chief for man
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was a keeper, and they had no inten
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her inquiries with gusto: they coul
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day, she sat in a dark room and pee
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sky. That research, and other inves
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all as smart as whips. There was no
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outine, another reminder of the cas
Page 397 and 398:
Virginia accent, Katherine might ha
Page 399 and 400:
Katherine after two years in Newpor
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success that included home ownershi
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imagine a dream house but to plan t
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widow and her three adolescent daug
Page 407 and 408:
the Christmas holidays, she accompa
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world that she would teach Roman nu
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feel their weight on her own should
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thirty-eight years old, she found h
Page 415 and 416:
dubbed the American Century. Jet en
Page 417 and 418:
gunmetal-gray block to solve engine
Page 419 and 420:
trajectory analyses in a way that s
Page 421 and 422:
The female mathematicians’ job se
Page 423 and 424:
to sever the link between separate
Page 425 and 426:
courageous teenagers set in motion
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comers. It held one engineering cou
Page 429 and 430:
declared his pleading moot. As Hamp
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fit for the job. He was white, male
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suggested that she enroll in the la
Page 435 and 436:
had been forced to sue the Universi
Page 437 and 438:
too hard, her parents had worked to
Page 439 and 440:
combine the resources to build a be
Page 441 and 442:
named Gerald Rainey. Rainey instruc
Page 443 and 444:
some of the staff had to the presen
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answered as they had each time thei
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moved from shadow to sun, the purpl
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crisis unfolded over days, each mor
Page 451 and 452:
American democracy. That is, until
Page 453 and 454:
the way to underground refuge from
Page 455 and 456:
declared, was nothing less than a t
Page 457 and 458:
editorial in the Cleveland Call and
Page 459 and 460:
can’t let them beat us, she thoug
Page 461 and 462:
Avenue School, was black. Most of t
Page 463 and 464:
Mann (unrelated to West Computing
Page 465 and 466:
father taught her the tricks like p
Page 467 and 468:
the time she turned five, Desma Man
Page 469 and 470:
Calloway’s niece attended in the
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Greensboro public school system. Ch
Page 473 and 474:
United Negro College Fund. “I’v
Page 475 and 476:
United States still struggled to fi
Page 477 and 478:
CHAPTER SIXTEEN What a Difference a
Page 479 and 480:
little too far out to warrant syste
Page 481 and 482:
Physicists, chemists, geologists, a
Page 483 and 484:
with the answer. Space had long bee
Page 485 and 486:
With the US government desperate to
Page 487 and 488:
louder, engineers from PARD and the
Page 489 and 490:
NACA’s three main laboratories. T
Page 491 and 492:
fundamental problems of flight beca
Page 493 and 494:
The defense machine’s hunger virt
Page 495 and 496:
attenuated over time. Dismantling E
Page 497 and 498:
children. An engineer’s wife gave
Page 499 and 500:
yield their seats in the “white
Page 501 and 502:
public school that tried to integra
Page 503 and 504:
ending West Area Computing only aft
Page 505 and 506:
United States.” It would take a l
Page 507 and 508:
public operations of the military s
Page 509 and 510:
assistant director, Floyd Thompson,
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1980s, but with the modesty charact
Page 513 and 514:
With their educations on track and
Page 515 and 516:
Vaughan a fresh start as well. She
Page 517 and 518:
automobile than a baby carriage,”
Page 519 and 520:
put forth a vague, practically usel
Page 521 and 522:
Ray Moulton. So the engineers, who
Page 523 and 524:
the Monroe calculator and filling o
Page 525 and 526:
news. But however close she sat to
Page 527 and 528:
designed to clarify the marching or
Page 529 and 530:
answer nature’s call—a law she
Page 531 and 532:
eyes of their bosses. Five out of t
Page 533 and 534:
interactions with the men. Too much
Page 535 and 536:
withstand pressure. Their path to a
Page 537 and 538:
everyone who had helped her to reac
Page 539 and 540:
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN With All Deliberat
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creating a brain trust at Mother La
Page 543 and 544:
Virginia closed the public schools,
Page 545 and 546:
School. The school board, however,
Page 547 and 548:
their mother made regular appearanc
Page 549 and 550:
into practice. James A. Johnson, bo
Page 551 and 552:
together at dances and dinner parti
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lead, it was the simplest, fastest,
Page 555 and 556:
enough to fit into the lunchbox of
Page 557 and 558:
To the engineers on Katherine’s d
Page 559 and 560:
thousands of woman-hours computing
Page 561 and 562:
Skopinski. Working with Skopinski a
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—the fact that it was not perfect
Page 565 and 566:
Angle report was the work of the Fl
Page 567 and 568:
leary-eyed days of 1959, she accept
Page 569 and 570:
had been set the year before by an
Page 571 and 572:
weekend, approached. Mary helped he
Page 573 and 574:
fifty thousand boys gearing up to c
Page 575 and 576:
adolescent insolence and tears be d
Page 577 and 578:
Entering the derby was tantamount t
Page 579 and 580:
open to black boys, would have reje
Page 581 and 582:
Four-foot Supersonic Pressure Tunne
Page 583 and 584:
looked like them. Serving as the le
Page 585 and 586:
and returned with tales for her you
Page 587 and 588:
at the summit of the Twenty-Fifth S
Page 589 and 590:
hour. His family fell upon him in a
Page 591 and 592:
else might be possible? Achievement
Page 593 and 594:
CHAPTER TWENTY Degrees of Freedom I
Page 595 and 596:
arrested this afternoon when I went
Page 597 and 598:
carrying a full semester of courses
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lack president at the helm for the
Page 601 and 602:
moved: they defunded the entire cou
Page 603 and 604:
already found permanent positions i
Page 605 and 606:
promoted from an all-female service
Page 607 and 608:
girls, Dorothy made a date with the
Page 609 and 610:
correct order. As powerful as ACD
Page 611 and 612:
put all available resources behind
Page 613 and 614:
unpredictable from the start: on Ja
Page 615 and 616:
thorough plan. Now they executed it
Page 617 and 618:
only fifteen minutes and twenty-two
Page 619 and 620:
of eighteen thousand people. The bu
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Side, Katherine’s former colleagu
Page 623 and 624:
suborbital flight, came and went in
Page 625 and 626:
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Out of the Past,
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velocity, the aerodynamic pressure
Page 629 and 630:
from the capsule in the Back River
Page 631 and 632:
Eisenhower’s watch. Additional te
Page 633 and 634:
full checkout of his flight plan. B
Page 635 and 636:
machines’ data only to find error
Page 637 and 638:
The space age and television were c
Page 639 and 640:
pushing for answers to their inquir
Page 641 and 642:
It was at Langley where the progres
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ange for work. The Scout rocket had
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whose greatest talents had been rec
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of accident, harmony, favor, wisdom
Page 649 and 650:
guide and control the rocket and ca
Page 651 and 652:
world. On the map were inscribed si
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ut it faced computer glitches and c
Page 655 and 656:
of sending her numbers to be checke
Page 657 and 658:
orbits. But then, during the first
Page 659 and 660:
just minutes before was preparing h
Page 661 and 662:
News: along the shipyard, over the
Page 663 and 664:
1962, a glamorous Katherine Johnson
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO America Is for E
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space vehicle.” The document, cre
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Randolph brought together a group t
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the crowd, easing into his prepared
Page 673 and 674:
through the doors at Langley, the w
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Virginia State University in Peters
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church with her husband and two you
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asis. They hosted card parties and
Page 681 and 682:
their favorites. Christine Darden a
Page 683 and 684:
plans were destroyed in the Februar
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up. The command service module was
Page 687 and 688:
oard the spacecraft and the astrona
Page 689 and 690:
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE To Boldly Go I
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the janitresses and washerwomen and
Page 693 and 694:
window, all observing the same thin
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The intensity of the last few days
Page 697 and 698:
around the country ranged from mode
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get past the bellman—delights lik
Page 701 and 702:
needs of the jet set at the Greenbr
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in the trenches of Mission Control.
Page 705 and 706:
optimism, a certain idealism about
Page 707 and 708:
South. The bill only made it over t
Page 709 and 710:
others found themselves the only bl
Page 711 and 712:
Star Trek landed in American homes
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That weekend Nichols attended a cel
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How could Katherine not be a fan? E
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immediately. Even without the press
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nights in front of the Friden calcu
Page 721 and 722:
Aldrin on the Moon would have a bri
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EPILOGUE It’s the question that c
Page 725 and 726:
fingerprint on what is considered h
Page 727 and 728:
Katherine and her colleague Al Hame
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glamorous days of the space program
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Virginia. And a charter high school
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was from her descriptions to me in
Page 735 and 736:
waiting for the rest of us to catch
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dream of Dr. King that had rung out
Page 739 and 740:
Apollo program was clamorous, but t
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new decade were less glamorous, but
Page 743 and 744:
agency would never return to the gl
Page 745 and 746:
computers in aeronautical research,
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the third member of Mary and Kaz’
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in other workplaces, a prime locati
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wasn’t wired to take the easy roa
Page 753 and 754:
determined to push for opportunitie
Page 755 and 756:
good-bye to one of my favorite “c
Page 757 and 758:
gave Gloria the chance to advance f
Page 759 and 760:
who spent the summer interning with
Page 761 and 762:
to “reprogram” the computers in
Page 763 and 764:
Jackson Sr., had spent the end of h
Page 765 and 766:
een an exciting place in the run-up
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Christine went directly to the divi
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esearchers Richard Seabass and Albe
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An upper-level supervisor denied he
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chart and showed it to the head of
Page 775 and 776:
Butler, a white man, who also held
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was perhaps the only photographic e
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The title of this b
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comprehensive database of all the f
Page 783 and 784:
Museum for inviting me to be part o
Page 785 and 786:
questions regarding the months lead
Page 787 and 788:
instrumental in helping me reconstr
Page 789 and 790:
Wynn have been my hometown cheering
Page 791 and 792:
of the book proposal, improving it
Page 793 and 794:
National Aeronautics and Space Admi
Page 795 and 796:
Baltimore Afro-American. Archive ac
Page 797 and 798:
PDF and ebook formats at http://his
Page 799 and 800:
interviews with prominent African A
Page 801 and 802:
Katherine G. Johnson, Newport News,
Page 803 and 804:
Champine, Gloria. He’s Got the Ri
Page 805 and 806:
History of the NACA and NASA, 1915-
Page 807 and 808:
Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rig
Page 809 and 810:
Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917- 1958
Page 811 and 812:
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. K
Page 813 and 814:
Pearcy, Arthur. Flying the Frontier
Page 815 and 816:
Action 1940-1972. Baltimore: Johns
Page 817 and 818:
Economic Research, 2004, http://www
Page 819 and 820:
Gainer, Mary E. and Robert C. Moyer
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Tunnels.” Ebony Magazine, August
Page 823 and 824:
“USO Secretary Weds Navy Man.”
Page 825 and 826:
xvi two white head computers: Blanc
Page 827 and 828:
1943, NARA Phil. 1 Every morning at
Page 829 and 830:
2012), 11. 3 the largest industry i
Page 831 and 832:
7 practical solutions: In the NACA
Page 833 and 834:
10 supported three workers: Kathryn
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microfilm: 1374800, Ancestry.com. 1
Page 837 and 838:
Unemployment in the 1930s,” Journ
Page 839 and 840:
Mann Harris, personal interview, Ma
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20 put war stamps on sale: Ibid. 20
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(Parkersburg, WV: Trans Allegheny B
Page 845 and 846:
6, 2011. CHAPTER 4: THE DOUBLE V 27
Page 847 and 848:
Roads Port of Embarkation in World
Page 849 and 850:
November 13, 1943; “VPS Begins Tw
Page 851 and 852:
33 “There is no power in the worl
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of Virginia”: Hansen, Engineer in
Page 855 and 856:
2014; Miriam Mann Harris, “Miriam
Page 857 and 858:
James A. Johnson, personal intervie
Page 859 and 860:
NASA and Langley archives at the La
Page 861 and 862:
51 flying North American P-51 Musta
Page 863 and 864:
Aeronautics 1915-1958 (Washington,
Page 865 and 866:
Paige, “Newsome Park Echoes,” N
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1945. 66 their white, Gentile-only
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1944. CHAPTER 8: THOSE WHO MOVE FOR
Page 871 and 872:
The History of the Greenbrier, 113.
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73 received an offer to join the in
Page 875 and 876:
2013. 75 walked away from an offer
Page 877 and 878:
79 just $96: Martha J. Bailey and W
Page 879 and 880:
formed after the Langley laboratory
Page 881 and 882:
Memorandum for Section Heads and Di
Page 883 and 884:
aerodynamics text High Speed Wing T
Page 885 and 886:
Laboratory,” Memorandum for the S
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Sanatorium: Ibid. 91 “It appears
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highest honors: “Mary W. Jackson
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97 field trips to the crab factory:
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1940-1949-winners. 100 Project 506:
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September 2003. 102 Eastman Jacobs,
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Employment.” 105 science textbook
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author, Swedish economist Gunnar My
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and Corliss, Wind Tunnels of NASA,
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113 “Jaybird was as fair as it go
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118 the director of the Newsome Par
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122 “The Flight Research Division
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ackground in the work being done by
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131 some of the black employees: Th
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135 Family lore had it: Hylick inte
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138 destined for the lab’s financ
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Cones at Supersonic Speeds,” Lang
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Over US”: New York Times, October
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York Times, July 5, 2008. 154 nonex
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157 Bettye Tillman and JoAnne Smart
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Relating to a Satellite Study, RA-
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January 14-17, 2002, Reno, Nevada,
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school districts to integrate: Smit
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y the President’s Science Advisor
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18, 2014, http://www.marieclaire.co
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181 “they were all the same”: J
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186 Mary Jackson had been one of hi
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and Guide, July 2, 1960. 194 nine-h
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198 So Mary enlisted the help of He
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256. 201 three hundred had joined t
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documents to support this, many in
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1961. 208 Have the chimpanzee: Swen
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214 “a Rube Goldberg device on to
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Saul Gass, “Project Mercury Real-
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career woman!”: “Lady Mathemati
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scenes role helping to organize the
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Apollo 11 Moon Landing,” Smithson
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lack publications, its small blacka
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243 face-to-face with Dr. Martin Lu
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246 “grand tour” of the outer p
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249 “They are loud in their prais
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R. Benson, Quieting the Boom: The S
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“Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women
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15. Gloria’s father’s crew work
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man: Christine Darden, The History
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Champine, personal interview, July
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Aerospace Mechanics Division, 182 A
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218, 221, 223 atomic war, 98, 151-1
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“masked” around whites, 109 Moo
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Colored waiting room, 22 entering a
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Cherry, Mary, 16 Civil Rights Act (
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Cold War “Communist” epithet, 6
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“fly-by-wire” Mercury missions,
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See also mathematicians men as, 205
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Darling Stadium, 225 “data analys
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Eisenhower, Dwight D. Introduction
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significance to blacks, 15-16, 32,
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Goble, James Francis “Jimmy” as
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electricity rationing and wind tunn
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West Computing section head, xvii,
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604 and 650 for trajectories, 138 7
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Girl Scout leader, 95, 97-98, 108,
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25, 75-76 homeowner, 132-133, 185-1
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Keating, Jean Clark (scientist), 17
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Rosenberg trial repercussions, 101-
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Malvestuto, Frank, 112 Maneuver Loa
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acial integration of women, 205 sal
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Moon shot cost of space program, 24
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Joseph McCarthy target, 102 teacher
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charter of, 171 cost of space progr
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newspapers. See black newspapers Ni
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Presidential Medal of Freedom, 172,
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221, 258 trajectories, 189-191, 214
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Robinson, Jackie, 140 Robinson, Spo
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International Geophysical Year, 162
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East End, 29-30, 61-62 federal defe
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Smart, JoAnne, 157 Smith, Benjamin
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illness, 89-91 West Computing secti
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airmen Taylor, Ophelia (West Comput
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transonic region, 100, 110-111, 137
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125-126 Langley first day, 37, 39,
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size increase, 41, 107, 111 West Co
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Mary Winston women author Doris Coh
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Young, P. B., 34 Young, Pearl FBI q
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CREDITS Cover design by Elsie Lyons
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HarperCollins e-books. FIRST EDITIO
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New Zealand HarperCollins Publisher
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