Hidden Figures - Margot Lee Shetterly

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NOTES The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools. PROLOGUE Page Number xvi “GS-9 Research Scientist”: W. Kemble Johnson to NACA, “Fair Employment,” December 14, 1951. National Archives at Philadelphia, hereinafter referred to as NARA Phil.
xvi two white head computers: Blanche S. Fitchett personnel file, US Civil Service Commission. National Personnel Records Center, hereinafter referred to as NPRC. xvi ‘This is a scientist, this is an engineer’: Women Computers, video recorded at NASA Langley, December 13, 1990. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=o-MN3Cp2Cpc. xvi “I just assumed they were all secretaries”: Ibid. xvi Five white women: “What’s My Name?” Air Scoop, June 14, 1946. xvi “Several hundred”: Beverly Golemba, “Human Computers: The Women in Aeronautical Research,” PhD dissertation, St. Leo College, 1994, 4. Available at NASA
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DEDICATION To my parents, Margaret
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CONTENTS Dedication Author’s Note
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About the Author Credits Copyright
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PROLOGUE Mrs. Land worked as a comp
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art collection, and haunted local a
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father drove the twenty minutes fro
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My dad joined Langley in 1964 as a
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ent on studying electrical engineer
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of our social life. Every summer, m
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oardrooms to have an inkling of the
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I had known more than that number j
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who made up the majority of Langley
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lack and white women who had been h
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youth or returned to life, I starte
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But before a computer became an ina
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CHAPTER ONE A Door Opens Melvin But
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one of the research facility’s ex
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disseminating its findings to the m
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had only provided the Army Air Corp
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engineers parked the planes in the
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airplane models tested in the tunne
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conscripted what seemed like entire
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thousand Negroes to the nation’s
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of the defense industry, and Execut
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The Warehouse Building, a brand-new
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law—and Virginia custom—kept hi
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e moved. The black female mathemati
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The laundry room was both one of th
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at the bottom of the war’s great
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In the summer of 1943, Dorothy jump
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ace. She did nothing to draw attent
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City, Missouri. Her own mother died
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little while, will look on with int
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either to her race or to her gender
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school year. The Depression-fueled
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Farmville’s Beulah AME Church, it
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Dorothy’s house on South Main sat
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Bemis Laboratory, graduates of Engi
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Teacher, preacher, doctor, lawyer
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CHAPTER THREE Past Is Prologue The
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leadership and creativity to mainta
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sale, each purchase a small offset
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made up her mind. Once Dorothy made
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The Colored waiting room at the Gre
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father’s extended absences, they
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Dorothy, who knew the call of the o
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Katherine lived in Marion, Virginia
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ending graduate school admission po
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domestic life winning out over care
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Tidewater region advanced toward Do
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etreated against the rolling tide o
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war towns like summer rain. Negro r
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usinesses sprinted to keep pace. Lo
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largest defense housing project—t
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existence was reduced to its simple
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segregation laws were designed to r
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with people who had stepped beyond
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Practices Committee brought about a
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endless abuse at the hands of white
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Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Pract
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eloquent sermons and maverick views
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What are we fighting for? they aske
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lessings of democracy was the featu
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of government just as surely as the
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either side—that sealed her statu
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whose company, J. S. Darling and So
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futuristic aspect of the landscape
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the desks, plying the machines for
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Wilberforce. By securing jobs in La
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and supervised Margery Hannah and t
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number and complexity, an employee
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into the “slow but deadly” SBD
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practical footwear that could stand
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proscribed in the same fashion. The
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Commonwealth of Virginia’s discri
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new sign just as blankly menacing a
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The Manns lived on Hampton Institut
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leader of all black colleges in pro
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openings with the same care and pro
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openly defied southern conventions.
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pragmatic majority, the West Comput
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a neighboring table; they just want
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Miriam Mann, and Kathryn Peddrew we
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CHAPTER SIX War Birds Readers of bl
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1944 the 332nd was flying North Ame
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most powerful offensive weapons—a
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committee. Amelia Earhart nearly lo
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thought they had a better way to do
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in one of the wind tunnels, shoulde
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Turbulent flows, like the swirl and
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identifying how to make a good plan
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owboat. But in order to accelerate
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—the West Area Computers received
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lost their X designation—the B-29
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ased on testing worked in the small
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pulleth a boner of any kind whatsoe
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work was making a difference in the
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CHAPTER SEVEN The Duration The firs
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Newsome Park, picking up the keys t
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Lassiter Courts, Orcutt Homes, and
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exhorted residents to turn out for
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children on a separate path forward
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can’t-get-there-from-here points
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to be the war to truly end all wars
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had come economic security, and a g
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kept the poor of all races divided
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and Copeland Parks under slum clear
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might have missed her calling in th
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dressed up and met the Manns at the
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and pain lay in store for the unfor
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including the principal, made less
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Joshua and Joylette Coleman’s fou
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Virginia State Institute. Income fr
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and Katherine and her sister took j
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was, like W. E. B. Du Bois and Book
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with one hand and just as quickly e
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opened and on humiliating terms.”
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off to West Virginia, they got marr
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the ruling. Rather than fight, Holt
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the professors treated her fairly,
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passage of time, it was easy to bel
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The youngest Vaughan children were
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Miriam Mann, and the Peddrews— Ka
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Institute’s bookkeeper and local
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herself from the leftovers. She did
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the region like waves on the shores
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laboratory when they were ready to
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Nearly to a woman, the West Compute
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who supported their factory workers
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1934, it was as a subprofessional s
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numbers that bedeviled her days. Sh
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imperative of drag cleanup—the pr
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approached Mach 1, or 100 percent o
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NACA’s first female engineer and
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eached the end of the road. Over th
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had no research credit to her name.
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Arkansas AM&N, a black college that
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movies at the Hampton Institute the
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Marge’s upward move resulted in o
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the women were proficient in basic
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Loads Building to help the women de
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Blanche turned her back on the grou
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cure an illness that would eventual
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laws of the state applied just as v
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knew it, and her bosses eventually
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the laboratory during the war, woul
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“Confederate-set inferno” that
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Hampton Institute campus, was like
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school system already employed two
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tireless service, religious devotio
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the King Street USO and the end of
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their lives. With a leader as creat
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“Hold on a minute!” she said su
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passed through the office, she was
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would not back down before any riva
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As a plane accelerated from high su
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known only as Project 506 was revea
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trial was all the evidence many cit
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The Stability Research Division, wh
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empowerment and one of the leaders
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Even A. Philip Randolph, an avowed
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estaurants in Maryland. The humilia
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teeth of the wartime mandate that h
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government. Among the middle-class
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CHAPTER ELEVEN The Area Rule In the
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East Area might put in a phone call
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same workplace as her white counter
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good nature and prodigious research
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paid close attention to her surroun
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proven when Langley built a small t
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and gained a measure of local celeb
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safer planes. Of course, the NACA w
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take a leave of absence from the wo
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engineering positions through the C
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eferring to the black engineers who
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do anything to impress. John Becker
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morning until the time they put on
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CHAPTER TWELVE Serendipity It had a
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Carolina. The simple but elegant we
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director of the Newsome Park Commun
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summer break from school, the Goble
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Hampton Roads was far from Jimmy’
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heat; many was the night she pined
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oth as a mathematician and as a man
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a job that paid her three times her
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Langley for a two-day conference on
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would both depend on the events in
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prejudice. But these days, there wa
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mind focusing on the good fortune t
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month probational appointment. Succ
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an assistant division chief for man
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was a keeper, and they had no inten
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her inquiries with gusto: they coul
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day, she sat in a dark room and pee
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sky. That research, and other inves
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all as smart as whips. There was no
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outine, another reminder of the cas
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Virginia accent, Katherine might ha
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Katherine after two years in Newpor
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success that included home ownershi
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imagine a dream house but to plan t
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widow and her three adolescent daug
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the Christmas holidays, she accompa
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world that she would teach Roman nu
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feel their weight on her own should
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thirty-eight years old, she found h
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dubbed the American Century. Jet en
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gunmetal-gray block to solve engine
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trajectory analyses in a way that s
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The female mathematicians’ job se
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to sever the link between separate
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courageous teenagers set in motion
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comers. It held one engineering cou
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declared his pleading moot. As Hamp
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fit for the job. He was white, male
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suggested that she enroll in the la
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had been forced to sue the Universi
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too hard, her parents had worked to
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combine the resources to build a be
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named Gerald Rainey. Rainey instruc
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some of the staff had to the presen
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answered as they had each time thei
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moved from shadow to sun, the purpl
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crisis unfolded over days, each mor
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American democracy. That is, until
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the way to underground refuge from
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declared, was nothing less than a t
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editorial in the Cleveland Call and
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can’t let them beat us, she thoug
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Avenue School, was black. Most of t
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Mann (unrelated to West Computing
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father taught her the tricks like p
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the time she turned five, Desma Man
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Calloway’s niece attended in the
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Greensboro public school system. Ch
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United Negro College Fund. “I’v
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United States still struggled to fi
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN What a Difference a
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little too far out to warrant syste
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Physicists, chemists, geologists, a
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with the answer. Space had long bee
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With the US government desperate to
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louder, engineers from PARD and the
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NACA’s three main laboratories. T
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fundamental problems of flight beca
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The defense machine’s hunger virt
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attenuated over time. Dismantling E
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children. An engineer’s wife gave
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yield their seats in the “white
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public school that tried to integra
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ending West Area Computing only aft
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United States.” It would take a l
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public operations of the military s
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assistant director, Floyd Thompson,
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1980s, but with the modesty charact
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With their educations on track and
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Vaughan a fresh start as well. She
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automobile than a baby carriage,”
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put forth a vague, practically usel
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Ray Moulton. So the engineers, who
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the Monroe calculator and filling o
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news. But however close she sat to
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designed to clarify the marching or
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answer nature’s call—a law she
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eyes of their bosses. Five out of t
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interactions with the men. Too much
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withstand pressure. Their path to a
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everyone who had helped her to reac
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CHAPTER EIGHTEEN With All Deliberat
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creating a brain trust at Mother La
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Virginia closed the public schools,
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School. The school board, however,
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their mother made regular appearanc
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into practice. James A. Johnson, bo
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together at dances and dinner parti
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lead, it was the simplest, fastest,
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enough to fit into the lunchbox of
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To the engineers on Katherine’s d
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thousands of woman-hours computing
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Skopinski. Working with Skopinski a
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—the fact that it was not perfect
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Angle report was the work of the Fl
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leary-eyed days of 1959, she accept
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had been set the year before by an
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weekend, approached. Mary helped he
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fifty thousand boys gearing up to c
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adolescent insolence and tears be d
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Entering the derby was tantamount t
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open to black boys, would have reje
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Four-foot Supersonic Pressure Tunne
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looked like them. Serving as the le
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and returned with tales for her you
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at the summit of the Twenty-Fifth S
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hour. His family fell upon him in a
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else might be possible? Achievement
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CHAPTER TWENTY Degrees of Freedom I
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arrested this afternoon when I went
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carrying a full semester of courses
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lack president at the helm for the
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moved: they defunded the entire cou
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already found permanent positions i
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promoted from an all-female service
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girls, Dorothy made a date with the
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correct order. As powerful as ACD
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put all available resources behind
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unpredictable from the start: on Ja
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thorough plan. Now they executed it
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only fifteen minutes and twenty-two
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of eighteen thousand people. The bu
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Side, Katherine’s former colleagu
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suborbital flight, came and went in
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CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Out of the Past,
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velocity, the aerodynamic pressure
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from the capsule in the Back River
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Eisenhower’s watch. Additional te
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full checkout of his flight plan. B
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machines’ data only to find error
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The space age and television were c
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pushing for answers to their inquir
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It was at Langley where the progres
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ange for work. The Scout rocket had
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whose greatest talents had been rec
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of accident, harmony, favor, wisdom
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guide and control the rocket and ca
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world. On the map were inscribed si
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ut it faced computer glitches and c
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of sending her numbers to be checke
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orbits. But then, during the first
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just minutes before was preparing h
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News: along the shipyard, over the
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1962, a glamorous Katherine Johnson
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO America Is for E
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space vehicle.” The document, cre
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Randolph brought together a group t
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the crowd, easing into his prepared
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through the doors at Langley, the w
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Virginia State University in Peters
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church with her husband and two you
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asis. They hosted card parties and
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their favorites. Christine Darden a
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plans were destroyed in the Februar
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up. The command service module was
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oard the spacecraft and the astrona
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CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE To Boldly Go I
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the janitresses and washerwomen and
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window, all observing the same thin
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The intensity of the last few days
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around the country ranged from mode
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get past the bellman—delights lik
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needs of the jet set at the Greenbr
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in the trenches of Mission Control.
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optimism, a certain idealism about
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South. The bill only made it over t
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others found themselves the only bl
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Star Trek landed in American homes
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That weekend Nichols attended a cel
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How could Katherine not be a fan? E
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immediately. Even without the press
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nights in front of the Friden calcu
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Aldrin on the Moon would have a bri
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EPILOGUE It’s the question that c
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fingerprint on what is considered h
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Katherine and her colleague Al Hame
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glamorous days of the space program
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Virginia. And a charter high school
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was from her descriptions to me in
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waiting for the rest of us to catch
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dream of Dr. King that had rung out
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Apollo program was clamorous, but t
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new decade were less glamorous, but
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agency would never return to the gl
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computers in aeronautical research,
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the third member of Mary and Kaz’
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in other workplaces, a prime locati
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wasn’t wired to take the easy roa
Page 753 and 754:
determined to push for opportunitie
Page 755 and 756:
good-bye to one of my favorite “c
Page 757 and 758:
gave Gloria the chance to advance f
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who spent the summer interning with
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to “reprogram” the computers in
Page 763 and 764:
Jackson Sr., had spent the end of h
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een an exciting place in the run-up
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Christine went directly to the divi
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esearchers Richard Seabass and Albe
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An upper-level supervisor denied he
Page 773 and 774: chart and showed it to the head of
Page 775 and 776: Butler, a white man, who also held
Page 777 and 778: was perhaps the only photographic e
Page 779 and 780: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The title of this b
Page 781 and 782: comprehensive database of all the f
Page 783 and 784: Museum for inviting me to be part o
Page 785 and 786: questions regarding the months lead
Page 787 and 788: instrumental in helping me reconstr
Page 789 and 790: Wynn have been my hometown cheering
Page 791 and 792: of the book proposal, improving it
Page 793 and 794: National Aeronautics and Space Admi
Page 795 and 796: Baltimore Afro-American. Archive ac
Page 797 and 798: PDF and ebook formats at http://his
Page 799 and 800: interviews with prominent African A
Page 801 and 802: Katherine G. Johnson, Newport News,
Page 803 and 804: Champine, Gloria. He’s Got the Ri
Page 805 and 806: History of the NACA and NASA, 1915-
Page 807 and 808: Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rig
Page 809 and 810: Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917- 1958
Page 811 and 812: New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. K
Page 813 and 814: Pearcy, Arthur. Flying the Frontier
Page 815 and 816: Action 1940-1972. Baltimore: Johns
Page 817 and 818: Economic Research, 2004, http://www
Page 819 and 820: Gainer, Mary E. and Robert C. Moyer
Page 821 and 822: Tunnels.” Ebony Magazine, August
Page 823: “USO Secretary Weds Navy Man.”
Page 827 and 828: 1943, NARA Phil. 1 Every morning at
Page 829 and 830: 2012), 11. 3 the largest industry i
Page 831 and 832: 7 practical solutions: In the NACA
Page 833 and 834: 10 supported three workers: Kathryn
Page 835 and 836: microfilm: 1374800, Ancestry.com. 1
Page 837 and 838: Unemployment in the 1930s,” Journ
Page 839 and 840: Mann Harris, personal interview, Ma
Page 841 and 842: 20 put war stamps on sale: Ibid. 20
Page 843 and 844: (Parkersburg, WV: Trans Allegheny B
Page 845 and 846: 6, 2011. CHAPTER 4: THE DOUBLE V 27
Page 847 and 848: Roads Port of Embarkation in World
Page 849 and 850: November 13, 1943; “VPS Begins Tw
Page 851 and 852: 33 “There is no power in the worl
Page 853 and 854: of Virginia”: Hansen, Engineer in
Page 855 and 856: 2014; Miriam Mann Harris, “Miriam
Page 857 and 858: James A. Johnson, personal intervie
Page 859 and 860: NASA and Langley archives at the La
Page 861 and 862: 51 flying North American P-51 Musta
Page 863 and 864: Aeronautics 1915-1958 (Washington,
Page 865 and 866: Paige, “Newsome Park Echoes,” N
Page 867 and 868: 1945. 66 their white, Gentile-only
Page 869 and 870: 1944. CHAPTER 8: THOSE WHO MOVE FOR
Page 871 and 872: The History of the Greenbrier, 113.
Page 873 and 874: 73 received an offer to join the in
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2013. 75 walked away from an offer
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79 just $96: Martha J. Bailey and W
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formed after the Langley laboratory
Page 881 and 882:
Memorandum for Section Heads and Di
Page 883 and 884:
aerodynamics text High Speed Wing T
Page 885 and 886:
Laboratory,” Memorandum for the S
Page 887 and 888:
Sanatorium: Ibid. 91 “It appears
Page 889 and 890:
highest honors: “Mary W. Jackson
Page 891 and 892:
97 field trips to the crab factory:
Page 893 and 894:
1940-1949-winners. 100 Project 506:
Page 895 and 896:
September 2003. 102 Eastman Jacobs,
Page 897 and 898:
Employment.” 105 science textbook
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author, Swedish economist Gunnar My
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and Corliss, Wind Tunnels of NASA,
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113 “Jaybird was as fair as it go
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118 the director of the Newsome Par
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122 “The Flight Research Division
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ackground in the work being done by
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131 some of the black employees: Th
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135 Family lore had it: Hylick inte
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138 destined for the lab’s financ
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Cones at Supersonic Speeds,” Lang
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Over US”: New York Times, October
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York Times, July 5, 2008. 154 nonex
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157 Bettye Tillman and JoAnne Smart
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Relating to a Satellite Study, RA-
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January 14-17, 2002, Reno, Nevada,
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school districts to integrate: Smit
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y the President’s Science Advisor
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18, 2014, http://www.marieclaire.co
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181 “they were all the same”: J
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186 Mary Jackson had been one of hi
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and Guide, July 2, 1960. 194 nine-h
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198 So Mary enlisted the help of He
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256. 201 three hundred had joined t
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documents to support this, many in
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1961. 208 Have the chimpanzee: Swen
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214 “a Rube Goldberg device on to
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Saul Gass, “Project Mercury Real-
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career woman!”: “Lady Mathemati
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scenes role helping to organize the
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Apollo 11 Moon Landing,” Smithson
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lack publications, its small blacka
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243 face-to-face with Dr. Martin Lu
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246 “grand tour” of the outer p
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249 “They are loud in their prais
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R. Benson, Quieting the Boom: The S
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“Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women
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15. Gloria’s father’s crew work
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man: Christine Darden, The History
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Champine, personal interview, July
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Aerospace Mechanics Division, 182 A
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218, 221, 223 atomic war, 98, 151-1
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“masked” around whites, 109 Moo
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Colored waiting room, 22 entering a
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Cherry, Mary, 16 Civil Rights Act (
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Cold War “Communist” epithet, 6
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“fly-by-wire” Mercury missions,
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See also mathematicians men as, 205
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Darling Stadium, 225 “data analys
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Eisenhower, Dwight D. Introduction
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significance to blacks, 15-16, 32,
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Goble, James Francis “Jimmy” as
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electricity rationing and wind tunn
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West Computing section head, xvii,
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604 and 650 for trajectories, 138 7
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Girl Scout leader, 95, 97-98, 108,
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25, 75-76 homeowner, 132-133, 185-1
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Keating, Jean Clark (scientist), 17
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Rosenberg trial repercussions, 101-
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Malvestuto, Frank, 112 Maneuver Loa
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acial integration of women, 205 sal
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Moon shot cost of space program, 24
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Joseph McCarthy target, 102 teacher
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charter of, 171 cost of space progr
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newspapers. See black newspapers Ni
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Presidential Medal of Freedom, 172,
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221, 258 trajectories, 189-191, 214
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Robinson, Jackie, 140 Robinson, Spo
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International Geophysical Year, 162
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East End, 29-30, 61-62 federal defe
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Smart, JoAnne, 157 Smith, Benjamin
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illness, 89-91 West Computing secti
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airmen Taylor, Ophelia (West Comput
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transonic region, 100, 110-111, 137
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125-126 Langley first day, 37, 39,
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size increase, 41, 107, 111 West Co
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Mary Winston women author Doris Coh
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Young, P. B., 34 Young, Pearl FBI q
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CREDITS Cover design by Elsie Lyons
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HarperCollins e-books. FIRST EDITIO
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New Zealand HarperCollins Publisher
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