Hidden Figures - Margot Lee Shetterly

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near the top of what most Negro women could hope to achieve. Teachers were considered the “upper level of training and intelligence in the race,” a ground force of educators who would not just impart book learning but live in the Negro community and “direct its thoughts and head its social movements.” Her inlaws were mainstays of the town’s Negro elite. They owned a barbershop, a pool hall, and a service station. The family’s activities were regular fodder for the social column in the Farmville section of the Norfolk Journal and Guide, the leading Negro newspaper in the southeastern United States. Dorothy, her husband, Howard, and their four young children lived in a large, rambling Victorian house on South Main Street with Howard’s parents and grandparents.
In the summer of 1943, Dorothy jumped at the chance to head to Camp Pickett and earn extra money during the school break. Though teaching offered prestige, the compensation was modest. Nationally, Virginia’s white teachers ranked in the bottom quarter in public school salaries, and their black counterparts might earn almost 50 percent less. Many black teachers in the South gave lessons in one- or two-room schools that barely qualified as buildings. Teachers were called upon to do whatever was necessary to keep the schoolhouses clean, safe, and comfortable for pupils. They shoveled coal in winters, fixed broken windows, scrubbed dirty floors, and prepared lunch. They reached into their own threadbare purses when the schoolroom
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DEDICATION To my parents, Margaret
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CONTENTS Dedication Author’s Note
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About the Author Credits Copyright
Page 9 and 10: PROLOGUE Mrs. Land worked as a comp
Page 11 and 12: art collection, and haunted local a
Page 13 and 14: father drove the twenty minutes fro
Page 15 and 16: My dad joined Langley in 1964 as a
Page 17 and 18: ent on studying electrical engineer
Page 19 and 20: of our social life. Every summer, m
Page 21 and 22: oardrooms to have an inkling of the
Page 23 and 24: I had known more than that number j
Page 25 and 26: who made up the majority of Langley
Page 27 and 28: lack and white women who had been h
Page 29 and 30: youth or returned to life, I starte
Page 31 and 32: But before a computer became an ina
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER ONE A Door Opens Melvin But
Page 35 and 36: one of the research facility’s ex
Page 37 and 38: disseminating its findings to the m
Page 39 and 40: had only provided the Army Air Corp
Page 41 and 42: engineers parked the planes in the
Page 43 and 44: airplane models tested in the tunne
Page 45 and 46: conscripted what seemed like entire
Page 47 and 48: thousand Negroes to the nation’s
Page 49 and 50: of the defense industry, and Execut
Page 51 and 52: The Warehouse Building, a brand-new
Page 53 and 54: law—and Virginia custom—kept hi
Page 55 and 56: e moved. The black female mathemati
Page 57 and 58: The laundry room was both one of th
Page 59: at the bottom of the war’s great
Page 63 and 64: ace. She did nothing to draw attent
Page 65 and 66: City, Missouri. Her own mother died
Page 67 and 68: little while, will look on with int
Page 69 and 70: either to her race or to her gender
Page 71 and 72: school year. The Depression-fueled
Page 73 and 74: Farmville’s Beulah AME Church, it
Page 75 and 76: Dorothy’s house on South Main sat
Page 77 and 78: Bemis Laboratory, graduates of Engi
Page 79 and 80: Teacher, preacher, doctor, lawyer
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER THREE Past Is Prologue The
Page 83 and 84: leadership and creativity to mainta
Page 85 and 86: sale, each purchase a small offset
Page 87 and 88: made up her mind. Once Dorothy made
Page 89 and 90: The Colored waiting room at the Gre
Page 91 and 92: father’s extended absences, they
Page 93 and 94: Dorothy, who knew the call of the o
Page 95 and 96: Katherine lived in Marion, Virginia
Page 97 and 98: ending graduate school admission po
Page 99 and 100: domestic life winning out over care
Page 101 and 102: Tidewater region advanced toward Do
Page 103 and 104: etreated against the rolling tide o
Page 105 and 106: war towns like summer rain. Negro r
Page 107 and 108: usinesses sprinted to keep pace. Lo
Page 109 and 110: largest defense housing project—t
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existence was reduced to its simple
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segregation laws were designed to r
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with people who had stepped beyond
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Practices Committee brought about a
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endless abuse at the hands of white
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Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Pract
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eloquent sermons and maverick views
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What are we fighting for? they aske
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lessings of democracy was the featu
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of government just as surely as the
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either side—that sealed her statu
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whose company, J. S. Darling and So
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futuristic aspect of the landscape
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the desks, plying the machines for
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Wilberforce. By securing jobs in La
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and supervised Margery Hannah and t
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number and complexity, an employee
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into the “slow but deadly” SBD
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practical footwear that could stand
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proscribed in the same fashion. The
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Commonwealth of Virginia’s discri
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new sign just as blankly menacing a
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The Manns lived on Hampton Institut
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leader of all black colleges in pro
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openings with the same care and pro
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openly defied southern conventions.
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pragmatic majority, the West Comput
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a neighboring table; they just want
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Miriam Mann, and Kathryn Peddrew we
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CHAPTER SIX War Birds Readers of bl
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1944 the 332nd was flying North Ame
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most powerful offensive weapons—a
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committee. Amelia Earhart nearly lo
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thought they had a better way to do
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in one of the wind tunnels, shoulde
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Turbulent flows, like the swirl and
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identifying how to make a good plan
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owboat. But in order to accelerate
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—the West Area Computers received
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lost their X designation—the B-29
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ased on testing worked in the small
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pulleth a boner of any kind whatsoe
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work was making a difference in the
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CHAPTER SEVEN The Duration The firs
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Newsome Park, picking up the keys t
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Lassiter Courts, Orcutt Homes, and
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exhorted residents to turn out for
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children on a separate path forward
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can’t-get-there-from-here points
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to be the war to truly end all wars
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had come economic security, and a g
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kept the poor of all races divided
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and Copeland Parks under slum clear
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might have missed her calling in th
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dressed up and met the Manns at the
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and pain lay in store for the unfor
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including the principal, made less
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Joshua and Joylette Coleman’s fou
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Virginia State Institute. Income fr
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and Katherine and her sister took j
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was, like W. E. B. Du Bois and Book
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with one hand and just as quickly e
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opened and on humiliating terms.”
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off to West Virginia, they got marr
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the ruling. Rather than fight, Holt
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the professors treated her fairly,
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passage of time, it was easy to bel
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The youngest Vaughan children were
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Miriam Mann, and the Peddrews— Ka
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Institute’s bookkeeper and local
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herself from the leftovers. She did
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the region like waves on the shores
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laboratory when they were ready to
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Nearly to a woman, the West Compute
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who supported their factory workers
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1934, it was as a subprofessional s
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numbers that bedeviled her days. Sh
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imperative of drag cleanup—the pr
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approached Mach 1, or 100 percent o
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NACA’s first female engineer and
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eached the end of the road. Over th
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had no research credit to her name.
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Arkansas AM&N, a black college that
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movies at the Hampton Institute the
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Marge’s upward move resulted in o
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the women were proficient in basic
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Loads Building to help the women de
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Blanche turned her back on the grou
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cure an illness that would eventual
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laws of the state applied just as v
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knew it, and her bosses eventually
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the laboratory during the war, woul
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“Confederate-set inferno” that
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Hampton Institute campus, was like
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school system already employed two
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tireless service, religious devotio
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the King Street USO and the end of
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their lives. With a leader as creat
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“Hold on a minute!” she said su
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passed through the office, she was
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would not back down before any riva
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As a plane accelerated from high su
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known only as Project 506 was revea
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trial was all the evidence many cit
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The Stability Research Division, wh
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empowerment and one of the leaders
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Even A. Philip Randolph, an avowed
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estaurants in Maryland. The humilia
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teeth of the wartime mandate that h
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government. Among the middle-class
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CHAPTER ELEVEN The Area Rule In the
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East Area might put in a phone call
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same workplace as her white counter
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good nature and prodigious research
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paid close attention to her surroun
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proven when Langley built a small t
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and gained a measure of local celeb
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safer planes. Of course, the NACA w
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take a leave of absence from the wo
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engineering positions through the C
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eferring to the black engineers who
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do anything to impress. John Becker
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morning until the time they put on
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CHAPTER TWELVE Serendipity It had a
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Carolina. The simple but elegant we
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director of the Newsome Park Commun
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summer break from school, the Goble
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Hampton Roads was far from Jimmy’
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heat; many was the night she pined
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oth as a mathematician and as a man
Page 371 and 372:
a job that paid her three times her
Page 373 and 374:
Langley for a two-day conference on
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would both depend on the events in
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prejudice. But these days, there wa
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mind focusing on the good fortune t
Page 381 and 382:
month probational appointment. Succ
Page 383 and 384:
an assistant division chief for man
Page 385 and 386:
was a keeper, and they had no inten
Page 387 and 388:
her inquiries with gusto: they coul
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day, she sat in a dark room and pee
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sky. That research, and other inves
Page 393 and 394:
all as smart as whips. There was no
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outine, another reminder of the cas
Page 397 and 398:
Virginia accent, Katherine might ha
Page 399 and 400:
Katherine after two years in Newpor
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success that included home ownershi
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imagine a dream house but to plan t
Page 405 and 406:
widow and her three adolescent daug
Page 407 and 408:
the Christmas holidays, she accompa
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world that she would teach Roman nu
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feel their weight on her own should
Page 413 and 414:
thirty-eight years old, she found h
Page 415 and 416:
dubbed the American Century. Jet en
Page 417 and 418:
gunmetal-gray block to solve engine
Page 419 and 420:
trajectory analyses in a way that s
Page 421 and 422:
The female mathematicians’ job se
Page 423 and 424:
to sever the link between separate
Page 425 and 426:
courageous teenagers set in motion
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comers. It held one engineering cou
Page 429 and 430:
declared his pleading moot. As Hamp
Page 431 and 432:
fit for the job. He was white, male
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suggested that she enroll in the la
Page 435 and 436:
had been forced to sue the Universi
Page 437 and 438:
too hard, her parents had worked to
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combine the resources to build a be
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named Gerald Rainey. Rainey instruc
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some of the staff had to the presen
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answered as they had each time thei
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moved from shadow to sun, the purpl
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crisis unfolded over days, each mor
Page 451 and 452:
American democracy. That is, until
Page 453 and 454:
the way to underground refuge from
Page 455 and 456:
declared, was nothing less than a t
Page 457 and 458:
editorial in the Cleveland Call and
Page 459 and 460:
can’t let them beat us, she thoug
Page 461 and 462:
Avenue School, was black. Most of t
Page 463 and 464:
Mann (unrelated to West Computing
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father taught her the tricks like p
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the time she turned five, Desma Man
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Calloway’s niece attended in the
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Greensboro public school system. Ch
Page 473 and 474:
United Negro College Fund. “I’v
Page 475 and 476:
United States still struggled to fi
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN What a Difference a
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little too far out to warrant syste
Page 481 and 482:
Physicists, chemists, geologists, a
Page 483 and 484:
with the answer. Space had long bee
Page 485 and 486:
With the US government desperate to
Page 487 and 488:
louder, engineers from PARD and the
Page 489 and 490:
NACA’s three main laboratories. T
Page 491 and 492:
fundamental problems of flight beca
Page 493 and 494:
The defense machine’s hunger virt
Page 495 and 496:
attenuated over time. Dismantling E
Page 497 and 498:
children. An engineer’s wife gave
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yield their seats in the “white
Page 501 and 502:
public school that tried to integra
Page 503 and 504:
ending West Area Computing only aft
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United States.” It would take a l
Page 507 and 508:
public operations of the military s
Page 509 and 510:
assistant director, Floyd Thompson,
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1980s, but with the modesty charact
Page 513 and 514:
With their educations on track and
Page 515 and 516:
Vaughan a fresh start as well. She
Page 517 and 518:
automobile than a baby carriage,”
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put forth a vague, practically usel
Page 521 and 522:
Ray Moulton. So the engineers, who
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the Monroe calculator and filling o
Page 525 and 526:
news. But however close she sat to
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designed to clarify the marching or
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answer nature’s call—a law she
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eyes of their bosses. Five out of t
Page 533 and 534:
interactions with the men. Too much
Page 535 and 536:
withstand pressure. Their path to a
Page 537 and 538:
everyone who had helped her to reac
Page 539 and 540:
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN With All Deliberat
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creating a brain trust at Mother La
Page 543 and 544:
Virginia closed the public schools,
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School. The school board, however,
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their mother made regular appearanc
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into practice. James A. Johnson, bo
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together at dances and dinner parti
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lead, it was the simplest, fastest,
Page 555 and 556:
enough to fit into the lunchbox of
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To the engineers on Katherine’s d
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thousands of woman-hours computing
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Skopinski. Working with Skopinski a
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—the fact that it was not perfect
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Angle report was the work of the Fl
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leary-eyed days of 1959, she accept
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had been set the year before by an
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weekend, approached. Mary helped he
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fifty thousand boys gearing up to c
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adolescent insolence and tears be d
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Entering the derby was tantamount t
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open to black boys, would have reje
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Four-foot Supersonic Pressure Tunne
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looked like them. Serving as the le
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and returned with tales for her you
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at the summit of the Twenty-Fifth S
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hour. His family fell upon him in a
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else might be possible? Achievement
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CHAPTER TWENTY Degrees of Freedom I
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arrested this afternoon when I went
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carrying a full semester of courses
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lack president at the helm for the
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moved: they defunded the entire cou
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already found permanent positions i
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promoted from an all-female service
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girls, Dorothy made a date with the
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correct order. As powerful as ACD
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put all available resources behind
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unpredictable from the start: on Ja
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thorough plan. Now they executed it
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only fifteen minutes and twenty-two
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of eighteen thousand people. The bu
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Side, Katherine’s former colleagu
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suborbital flight, came and went in
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CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Out of the Past,
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velocity, the aerodynamic pressure
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from the capsule in the Back River
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Eisenhower’s watch. Additional te
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full checkout of his flight plan. B
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machines’ data only to find error
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The space age and television were c
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pushing for answers to their inquir
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It was at Langley where the progres
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ange for work. The Scout rocket had
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whose greatest talents had been rec
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of accident, harmony, favor, wisdom
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guide and control the rocket and ca
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world. On the map were inscribed si
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ut it faced computer glitches and c
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of sending her numbers to be checke
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orbits. But then, during the first
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just minutes before was preparing h
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News: along the shipyard, over the
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1962, a glamorous Katherine Johnson
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO America Is for E
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space vehicle.” The document, cre
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Randolph brought together a group t
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the crowd, easing into his prepared
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through the doors at Langley, the w
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Virginia State University in Peters
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church with her husband and two you
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asis. They hosted card parties and
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their favorites. Christine Darden a
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plans were destroyed in the Februar
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up. The command service module was
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oard the spacecraft and the astrona
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CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE To Boldly Go I
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the janitresses and washerwomen and
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window, all observing the same thin
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The intensity of the last few days
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around the country ranged from mode
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get past the bellman—delights lik
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needs of the jet set at the Greenbr
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in the trenches of Mission Control.
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optimism, a certain idealism about
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South. The bill only made it over t
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others found themselves the only bl
Page 711 and 712:
Star Trek landed in American homes
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That weekend Nichols attended a cel
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How could Katherine not be a fan? E
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immediately. Even without the press
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nights in front of the Friden calcu
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Aldrin on the Moon would have a bri
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EPILOGUE It’s the question that c
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fingerprint on what is considered h
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Katherine and her colleague Al Hame
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glamorous days of the space program
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Virginia. And a charter high school
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was from her descriptions to me in
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waiting for the rest of us to catch
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dream of Dr. King that had rung out
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Apollo program was clamorous, but t
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new decade were less glamorous, but
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agency would never return to the gl
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computers in aeronautical research,
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the third member of Mary and Kaz’
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in other workplaces, a prime locati
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wasn’t wired to take the easy roa
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determined to push for opportunitie
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good-bye to one of my favorite “c
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gave Gloria the chance to advance f
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who spent the summer interning with
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to “reprogram” the computers in
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Jackson Sr., had spent the end of h
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een an exciting place in the run-up
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Christine went directly to the divi
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esearchers Richard Seabass and Albe
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An upper-level supervisor denied he
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chart and showed it to the head of
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Butler, a white man, who also held
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was perhaps the only photographic e
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The title of this b
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comprehensive database of all the f
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Museum for inviting me to be part o
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questions regarding the months lead
Page 787 and 788:
instrumental in helping me reconstr
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Wynn have been my hometown cheering
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of the book proposal, improving it
Page 793 and 794:
National Aeronautics and Space Admi
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Baltimore Afro-American. Archive ac
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PDF and ebook formats at http://his
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interviews with prominent African A
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Katherine G. Johnson, Newport News,
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Champine, Gloria. He’s Got the Ri
Page 805 and 806:
History of the NACA and NASA, 1915-
Page 807 and 808:
Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rig
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Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917- 1958
Page 811 and 812:
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. K
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Pearcy, Arthur. Flying the Frontier
Page 815 and 816:
Action 1940-1972. Baltimore: Johns
Page 817 and 818:
Economic Research, 2004, http://www
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Gainer, Mary E. and Robert C. Moyer
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Tunnels.” Ebony Magazine, August
Page 823 and 824:
“USO Secretary Weds Navy Man.”
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xvi two white head computers: Blanc
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1943, NARA Phil. 1 Every morning at
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2012), 11. 3 the largest industry i
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7 practical solutions: In the NACA
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10 supported three workers: Kathryn
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microfilm: 1374800, Ancestry.com. 1
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Unemployment in the 1930s,” Journ
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Mann Harris, personal interview, Ma
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20 put war stamps on sale: Ibid. 20
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(Parkersburg, WV: Trans Allegheny B
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6, 2011. CHAPTER 4: THE DOUBLE V 27
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Roads Port of Embarkation in World
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November 13, 1943; “VPS Begins Tw
Page 851 and 852:
33 “There is no power in the worl
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of Virginia”: Hansen, Engineer in
Page 855 and 856:
2014; Miriam Mann Harris, “Miriam
Page 857 and 858:
James A. Johnson, personal intervie
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NASA and Langley archives at the La
Page 861 and 862:
51 flying North American P-51 Musta
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Aeronautics 1915-1958 (Washington,
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Paige, “Newsome Park Echoes,” N
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1945. 66 their white, Gentile-only
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1944. CHAPTER 8: THOSE WHO MOVE FOR
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The History of the Greenbrier, 113.
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73 received an offer to join the in
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2013. 75 walked away from an offer
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79 just $96: Martha J. Bailey and W
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formed after the Langley laboratory
Page 881 and 882:
Memorandum for Section Heads and Di
Page 883 and 884:
aerodynamics text High Speed Wing T
Page 885 and 886:
Laboratory,” Memorandum for the S
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Sanatorium: Ibid. 91 “It appears
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highest honors: “Mary W. Jackson
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97 field trips to the crab factory:
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1940-1949-winners. 100 Project 506:
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September 2003. 102 Eastman Jacobs,
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Employment.” 105 science textbook
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author, Swedish economist Gunnar My
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and Corliss, Wind Tunnels of NASA,
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113 “Jaybird was as fair as it go
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118 the director of the Newsome Par
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122 “The Flight Research Division
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ackground in the work being done by
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131 some of the black employees: Th
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135 Family lore had it: Hylick inte
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138 destined for the lab’s financ
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Cones at Supersonic Speeds,” Lang
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Over US”: New York Times, October
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York Times, July 5, 2008. 154 nonex
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157 Bettye Tillman and JoAnne Smart
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Relating to a Satellite Study, RA-
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January 14-17, 2002, Reno, Nevada,
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school districts to integrate: Smit
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y the President’s Science Advisor
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18, 2014, http://www.marieclaire.co
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181 “they were all the same”: J
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186 Mary Jackson had been one of hi
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and Guide, July 2, 1960. 194 nine-h
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198 So Mary enlisted the help of He
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256. 201 three hundred had joined t
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documents to support this, many in
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1961. 208 Have the chimpanzee: Swen
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214 “a Rube Goldberg device on to
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Saul Gass, “Project Mercury Real-
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career woman!”: “Lady Mathemati
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scenes role helping to organize the
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Apollo 11 Moon Landing,” Smithson
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lack publications, its small blacka
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243 face-to-face with Dr. Martin Lu
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246 “grand tour” of the outer p
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249 “They are loud in their prais
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R. Benson, Quieting the Boom: The S
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“Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women
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15. Gloria’s father’s crew work
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man: Christine Darden, The History
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Champine, personal interview, July
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Aerospace Mechanics Division, 182 A
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218, 221, 223 atomic war, 98, 151-1
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“masked” around whites, 109 Moo
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Colored waiting room, 22 entering a
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Cherry, Mary, 16 Civil Rights Act (
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Cold War “Communist” epithet, 6
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“fly-by-wire” Mercury missions,
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See also mathematicians men as, 205
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Darling Stadium, 225 “data analys
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Eisenhower, Dwight D. Introduction
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significance to blacks, 15-16, 32,
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Goble, James Francis “Jimmy” as
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electricity rationing and wind tunn
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West Computing section head, xvii,
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604 and 650 for trajectories, 138 7
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Girl Scout leader, 95, 97-98, 108,
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25, 75-76 homeowner, 132-133, 185-1
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Keating, Jean Clark (scientist), 17
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Rosenberg trial repercussions, 101-
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Malvestuto, Frank, 112 Maneuver Loa
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acial integration of women, 205 sal
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Moon shot cost of space program, 24
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Joseph McCarthy target, 102 teacher
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charter of, 171 cost of space progr
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newspapers. See black newspapers Ni
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Presidential Medal of Freedom, 172,
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221, 258 trajectories, 189-191, 214
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Robinson, Jackie, 140 Robinson, Spo
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International Geophysical Year, 162
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East End, 29-30, 61-62 federal defe
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Smart, JoAnne, 157 Smith, Benjamin
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illness, 89-91 West Computing secti
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airmen Taylor, Ophelia (West Comput
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transonic region, 100, 110-111, 137
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125-126 Langley first day, 37, 39,
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size increase, 41, 107, 111 West Co
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Mary Winston women author Doris Coh
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Young, P. B., 34 Young, Pearl FBI q
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CREDITS Cover design by Elsie Lyons
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HarperCollins e-books. FIRST EDITIO
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New Zealand HarperCollins Publisher
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