Hidden Figures - Margot Lee Shetterly

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shadows, using tough love to protect both the errant individual and the group from her failings. And each time the laboratory passed the collection plate for Uncle Sam, the West Computers reached into their purses as they had when they were teachers, so that West Computing could claim 100 percent participation in the purchase of war bonds. At some point during the war, the COLORED COMPUTERS sign disappeared into Miriam Mann’s purse and never came back. The separate office remained, as did the segregated bathrooms, but in the Battle of the West Area Cafeteria, the unseen hand had been forced to concede victory to its petite but relentless adversary. Not that the West Computers were hatching plans to invade
a neighboring table; they just wanted dominion over their table in the back corner. Miriam Mann’s insistence on sending the humiliating sign to oblivion gave her and the other women of West Computing just a little more room for dignity and the confidence that the laboratory might belong to them as well. Perhaps the unseen hand and its collaborators had come to the conclusion that the quiet endurance of the West Computers was a force better engaged than antagonized, for if there was one thing the war had required over the last three years, and one thing Negroes had in abundance, it was endurance. Those forecasting a swift and tidy end to the war had been numerous but wrong. The fight slogged on, requiring more people, more money, more planes and
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DEDICATION To my parents, Margaret
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CONTENTS Dedication Author’s Note
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About the Author Credits Copyright
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PROLOGUE Mrs. Land worked as a comp
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art collection, and haunted local a
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father drove the twenty minutes fro
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My dad joined Langley in 1964 as a
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ent on studying electrical engineer
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of our social life. Every summer, m
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oardrooms to have an inkling of the
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I had known more than that number j
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who made up the majority of Langley
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lack and white women who had been h
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youth or returned to life, I starte
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But before a computer became an ina
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CHAPTER ONE A Door Opens Melvin But
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one of the research facility’s ex
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disseminating its findings to the m
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had only provided the Army Air Corp
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engineers parked the planes in the
Page 43 and 44:
airplane models tested in the tunne
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conscripted what seemed like entire
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thousand Negroes to the nation’s
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of the defense industry, and Execut
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The Warehouse Building, a brand-new
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law—and Virginia custom—kept hi
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e moved. The black female mathemati
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The laundry room was both one of th
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at the bottom of the war’s great
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In the summer of 1943, Dorothy jump
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ace. She did nothing to draw attent
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City, Missouri. Her own mother died
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little while, will look on with int
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either to her race or to her gender
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school year. The Depression-fueled
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Farmville’s Beulah AME Church, it
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Dorothy’s house on South Main sat
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Bemis Laboratory, graduates of Engi
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Teacher, preacher, doctor, lawyer
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CHAPTER THREE Past Is Prologue The
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leadership and creativity to mainta
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sale, each purchase a small offset
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made up her mind. Once Dorothy made
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The Colored waiting room at the Gre
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father’s extended absences, they
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Dorothy, who knew the call of the o
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Katherine lived in Marion, Virginia
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ending graduate school admission po
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domestic life winning out over care
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Tidewater region advanced toward Do
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etreated against the rolling tide o
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war towns like summer rain. Negro r
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usinesses sprinted to keep pace. Lo
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largest defense housing project—t
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existence was reduced to its simple
Page 113 and 114: segregation laws were designed to r
Page 115 and 116: with people who had stepped beyond
Page 117 and 118: Practices Committee brought about a
Page 119 and 120: endless abuse at the hands of white
Page 121 and 122: Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Pract
Page 123 and 124: eloquent sermons and maverick views
Page 125 and 126: What are we fighting for? they aske
Page 127 and 128: lessings of democracy was the featu
Page 129 and 130: of government just as surely as the
Page 131 and 132: either side—that sealed her statu
Page 133 and 134: whose company, J. S. Darling and So
Page 135 and 136: futuristic aspect of the landscape
Page 137 and 138: the desks, plying the machines for
Page 139 and 140: Wilberforce. By securing jobs in La
Page 141 and 142: and supervised Margery Hannah and t
Page 143 and 144: number and complexity, an employee
Page 145 and 146: into the “slow but deadly” SBD
Page 147 and 148: practical footwear that could stand
Page 149 and 150: proscribed in the same fashion. The
Page 151 and 152: Commonwealth of Virginia’s discri
Page 153 and 154: new sign just as blankly menacing a
Page 155 and 156: The Manns lived on Hampton Institut
Page 157 and 158: leader of all black colleges in pro
Page 159 and 160: openings with the same care and pro
Page 161 and 162: openly defied southern conventions.
Page 163: pragmatic majority, the West Comput
Page 167 and 168: Miriam Mann, and Kathryn Peddrew we
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER SIX War Birds Readers of bl
Page 171 and 172: 1944 the 332nd was flying North Ame
Page 173 and 174: most powerful offensive weapons—a
Page 175 and 176: committee. Amelia Earhart nearly lo
Page 177 and 178: thought they had a better way to do
Page 179 and 180: in one of the wind tunnels, shoulde
Page 181 and 182: Turbulent flows, like the swirl and
Page 183 and 184: identifying how to make a good plan
Page 185 and 186: owboat. But in order to accelerate
Page 187 and 188: —the West Area Computers received
Page 189 and 190: lost their X designation—the B-29
Page 191 and 192: ased on testing worked in the small
Page 193 and 194: pulleth a boner of any kind whatsoe
Page 195 and 196: work was making a difference in the
Page 197 and 198: CHAPTER SEVEN The Duration The firs
Page 199 and 200: Newsome Park, picking up the keys t
Page 201 and 202: Lassiter Courts, Orcutt Homes, and
Page 203 and 204: exhorted residents to turn out for
Page 205 and 206: children on a separate path forward
Page 207 and 208: can’t-get-there-from-here points
Page 209 and 210: to be the war to truly end all wars
Page 211 and 212: had come economic security, and a g
Page 213 and 214: kept the poor of all races divided
Page 215 and 216:
and Copeland Parks under slum clear
Page 217 and 218:
might have missed her calling in th
Page 219 and 220:
dressed up and met the Manns at the
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and pain lay in store for the unfor
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including the principal, made less
Page 225 and 226:
Joshua and Joylette Coleman’s fou
Page 227 and 228:
Virginia State Institute. Income fr
Page 229 and 230:
and Katherine and her sister took j
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was, like W. E. B. Du Bois and Book
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with one hand and just as quickly e
Page 235 and 236:
opened and on humiliating terms.”
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off to West Virginia, they got marr
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the ruling. Rather than fight, Holt
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the professors treated her fairly,
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passage of time, it was easy to bel
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The youngest Vaughan children were
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Miriam Mann, and the Peddrews— Ka
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Institute’s bookkeeper and local
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herself from the leftovers. She did
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the region like waves on the shores
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laboratory when they were ready to
Page 257 and 258:
Nearly to a woman, the West Compute
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who supported their factory workers
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1934, it was as a subprofessional s
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numbers that bedeviled her days. Sh
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imperative of drag cleanup—the pr
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approached Mach 1, or 100 percent o
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NACA’s first female engineer and
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eached the end of the road. Over th
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had no research credit to her name.
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Arkansas AM&N, a black college that
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movies at the Hampton Institute the
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Marge’s upward move resulted in o
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the women were proficient in basic
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Loads Building to help the women de
Page 285 and 286:
Blanche turned her back on the grou
Page 287 and 288:
cure an illness that would eventual
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laws of the state applied just as v
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knew it, and her bosses eventually
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the laboratory during the war, woul
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“Confederate-set inferno” that
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Hampton Institute campus, was like
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school system already employed two
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tireless service, religious devotio
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the King Street USO and the end of
Page 305 and 306:
their lives. With a leader as creat
Page 307 and 308:
“Hold on a minute!” she said su
Page 309 and 310:
passed through the office, she was
Page 311 and 312:
would not back down before any riva
Page 313 and 314:
As a plane accelerated from high su
Page 315 and 316:
known only as Project 506 was revea
Page 317 and 318:
trial was all the evidence many cit
Page 319 and 320:
The Stability Research Division, wh
Page 321 and 322:
empowerment and one of the leaders
Page 323 and 324:
Even A. Philip Randolph, an avowed
Page 325 and 326:
estaurants in Maryland. The humilia
Page 327 and 328:
teeth of the wartime mandate that h
Page 329 and 330:
government. Among the middle-class
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CHAPTER ELEVEN The Area Rule In the
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East Area might put in a phone call
Page 335 and 336:
same workplace as her white counter
Page 337 and 338:
good nature and prodigious research
Page 339 and 340:
paid close attention to her surroun
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proven when Langley built a small t
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and gained a measure of local celeb
Page 345 and 346:
safer planes. Of course, the NACA w
Page 347 and 348:
take a leave of absence from the wo
Page 349 and 350:
engineering positions through the C
Page 351 and 352:
eferring to the black engineers who
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do anything to impress. John Becker
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morning until the time they put on
Page 357 and 358:
CHAPTER TWELVE Serendipity It had a
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Carolina. The simple but elegant we
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director of the Newsome Park Commun
Page 363 and 364:
summer break from school, the Goble
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Hampton Roads was far from Jimmy’
Page 367 and 368:
heat; many was the night she pined
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oth as a mathematician and as a man
Page 371 and 372:
a job that paid her three times her
Page 373 and 374:
Langley for a two-day conference on
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would both depend on the events in
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prejudice. But these days, there wa
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mind focusing on the good fortune t
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month probational appointment. Succ
Page 383 and 384:
an assistant division chief for man
Page 385 and 386:
was a keeper, and they had no inten
Page 387 and 388:
her inquiries with gusto: they coul
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day, she sat in a dark room and pee
Page 391 and 392:
sky. That research, and other inves
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all as smart as whips. There was no
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outine, another reminder of the cas
Page 397 and 398:
Virginia accent, Katherine might ha
Page 399 and 400:
Katherine after two years in Newpor
Page 401 and 402:
success that included home ownershi
Page 403 and 404:
imagine a dream house but to plan t
Page 405 and 406:
widow and her three adolescent daug
Page 407 and 408:
the Christmas holidays, she accompa
Page 409 and 410:
world that she would teach Roman nu
Page 411 and 412:
feel their weight on her own should
Page 413 and 414:
thirty-eight years old, she found h
Page 415 and 416:
dubbed the American Century. Jet en
Page 417 and 418:
gunmetal-gray block to solve engine
Page 419 and 420:
trajectory analyses in a way that s
Page 421 and 422:
The female mathematicians’ job se
Page 423 and 424:
to sever the link between separate
Page 425 and 426:
courageous teenagers set in motion
Page 427 and 428:
comers. It held one engineering cou
Page 429 and 430:
declared his pleading moot. As Hamp
Page 431 and 432:
fit for the job. He was white, male
Page 433 and 434:
suggested that she enroll in the la
Page 435 and 436:
had been forced to sue the Universi
Page 437 and 438:
too hard, her parents had worked to
Page 439 and 440:
combine the resources to build a be
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named Gerald Rainey. Rainey instruc
Page 443 and 444:
some of the staff had to the presen
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answered as they had each time thei
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moved from shadow to sun, the purpl
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crisis unfolded over days, each mor
Page 451 and 452:
American democracy. That is, until
Page 453 and 454:
the way to underground refuge from
Page 455 and 456:
declared, was nothing less than a t
Page 457 and 458:
editorial in the Cleveland Call and
Page 459 and 460:
can’t let them beat us, she thoug
Page 461 and 462:
Avenue School, was black. Most of t
Page 463 and 464:
Mann (unrelated to West Computing
Page 465 and 466:
father taught her the tricks like p
Page 467 and 468:
the time she turned five, Desma Man
Page 469 and 470:
Calloway’s niece attended in the
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Greensboro public school system. Ch
Page 473 and 474:
United Negro College Fund. “I’v
Page 475 and 476:
United States still struggled to fi
Page 477 and 478:
CHAPTER SIXTEEN What a Difference a
Page 479 and 480:
little too far out to warrant syste
Page 481 and 482:
Physicists, chemists, geologists, a
Page 483 and 484:
with the answer. Space had long bee
Page 485 and 486:
With the US government desperate to
Page 487 and 488:
louder, engineers from PARD and the
Page 489 and 490:
NACA’s three main laboratories. T
Page 491 and 492:
fundamental problems of flight beca
Page 493 and 494:
The defense machine’s hunger virt
Page 495 and 496:
attenuated over time. Dismantling E
Page 497 and 498:
children. An engineer’s wife gave
Page 499 and 500:
yield their seats in the “white
Page 501 and 502:
public school that tried to integra
Page 503 and 504:
ending West Area Computing only aft
Page 505 and 506:
United States.” It would take a l
Page 507 and 508:
public operations of the military s
Page 509 and 510:
assistant director, Floyd Thompson,
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1980s, but with the modesty charact
Page 513 and 514:
With their educations on track and
Page 515 and 516:
Vaughan a fresh start as well. She
Page 517 and 518:
automobile than a baby carriage,”
Page 519 and 520:
put forth a vague, practically usel
Page 521 and 522:
Ray Moulton. So the engineers, who
Page 523 and 524:
the Monroe calculator and filling o
Page 525 and 526:
news. But however close she sat to
Page 527 and 528:
designed to clarify the marching or
Page 529 and 530:
answer nature’s call—a law she
Page 531 and 532:
eyes of their bosses. Five out of t
Page 533 and 534:
interactions with the men. Too much
Page 535 and 536:
withstand pressure. Their path to a
Page 537 and 538:
everyone who had helped her to reac
Page 539 and 540:
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN With All Deliberat
Page 541 and 542:
creating a brain trust at Mother La
Page 543 and 544:
Virginia closed the public schools,
Page 545 and 546:
School. The school board, however,
Page 547 and 548:
their mother made regular appearanc
Page 549 and 550:
into practice. James A. Johnson, bo
Page 551 and 552:
together at dances and dinner parti
Page 553 and 554:
lead, it was the simplest, fastest,
Page 555 and 556:
enough to fit into the lunchbox of
Page 557 and 558:
To the engineers on Katherine’s d
Page 559 and 560:
thousands of woman-hours computing
Page 561 and 562:
Skopinski. Working with Skopinski a
Page 563 and 564:
—the fact that it was not perfect
Page 565 and 566:
Angle report was the work of the Fl
Page 567 and 568:
leary-eyed days of 1959, she accept
Page 569 and 570:
had been set the year before by an
Page 571 and 572:
weekend, approached. Mary helped he
Page 573 and 574:
fifty thousand boys gearing up to c
Page 575 and 576:
adolescent insolence and tears be d
Page 577 and 578:
Entering the derby was tantamount t
Page 579 and 580:
open to black boys, would have reje
Page 581 and 582:
Four-foot Supersonic Pressure Tunne
Page 583 and 584:
looked like them. Serving as the le
Page 585 and 586:
and returned with tales for her you
Page 587 and 588:
at the summit of the Twenty-Fifth S
Page 589 and 590:
hour. His family fell upon him in a
Page 591 and 592:
else might be possible? Achievement
Page 593 and 594:
CHAPTER TWENTY Degrees of Freedom I
Page 595 and 596:
arrested this afternoon when I went
Page 597 and 598:
carrying a full semester of courses
Page 599 and 600:
lack president at the helm for the
Page 601 and 602:
moved: they defunded the entire cou
Page 603 and 604:
already found permanent positions i
Page 605 and 606:
promoted from an all-female service
Page 607 and 608:
girls, Dorothy made a date with the
Page 609 and 610:
correct order. As powerful as ACD
Page 611 and 612:
put all available resources behind
Page 613 and 614:
unpredictable from the start: on Ja
Page 615 and 616:
thorough plan. Now they executed it
Page 617 and 618:
only fifteen minutes and twenty-two
Page 619 and 620:
of eighteen thousand people. The bu
Page 621 and 622:
Side, Katherine’s former colleagu
Page 623 and 624:
suborbital flight, came and went in
Page 625 and 626:
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Out of the Past,
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velocity, the aerodynamic pressure
Page 629 and 630:
from the capsule in the Back River
Page 631 and 632:
Eisenhower’s watch. Additional te
Page 633 and 634:
full checkout of his flight plan. B
Page 635 and 636:
machines’ data only to find error
Page 637 and 638:
The space age and television were c
Page 639 and 640:
pushing for answers to their inquir
Page 641 and 642:
It was at Langley where the progres
Page 643 and 644:
ange for work. The Scout rocket had
Page 645 and 646:
whose greatest talents had been rec
Page 647 and 648:
of accident, harmony, favor, wisdom
Page 649 and 650:
guide and control the rocket and ca
Page 651 and 652:
world. On the map were inscribed si
Page 653 and 654:
ut it faced computer glitches and c
Page 655 and 656:
of sending her numbers to be checke
Page 657 and 658:
orbits. But then, during the first
Page 659 and 660:
just minutes before was preparing h
Page 661 and 662:
News: along the shipyard, over the
Page 663 and 664:
1962, a glamorous Katherine Johnson
Page 665 and 666:
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO America Is for E
Page 667 and 668:
space vehicle.” The document, cre
Page 669 and 670:
Randolph brought together a group t
Page 671 and 672:
the crowd, easing into his prepared
Page 673 and 674:
through the doors at Langley, the w
Page 675 and 676:
Virginia State University in Peters
Page 677 and 678:
church with her husband and two you
Page 679 and 680:
asis. They hosted card parties and
Page 681 and 682:
their favorites. Christine Darden a
Page 683 and 684:
plans were destroyed in the Februar
Page 685 and 686:
up. The command service module was
Page 687 and 688:
oard the spacecraft and the astrona
Page 689 and 690:
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE To Boldly Go I
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the janitresses and washerwomen and
Page 693 and 694:
window, all observing the same thin
Page 695 and 696:
The intensity of the last few days
Page 697 and 698:
around the country ranged from mode
Page 699 and 700:
get past the bellman—delights lik
Page 701 and 702:
needs of the jet set at the Greenbr
Page 703 and 704:
in the trenches of Mission Control.
Page 705 and 706:
optimism, a certain idealism about
Page 707 and 708:
South. The bill only made it over t
Page 709 and 710:
others found themselves the only bl
Page 711 and 712:
Star Trek landed in American homes
Page 713 and 714:
That weekend Nichols attended a cel
Page 715 and 716:
How could Katherine not be a fan? E
Page 717 and 718:
immediately. Even without the press
Page 719 and 720:
nights in front of the Friden calcu
Page 721 and 722:
Aldrin on the Moon would have a bri
Page 723 and 724:
EPILOGUE It’s the question that c
Page 725 and 726:
fingerprint on what is considered h
Page 727 and 728:
Katherine and her colleague Al Hame
Page 729 and 730:
glamorous days of the space program
Page 731 and 732:
Virginia. And a charter high school
Page 733 and 734:
was from her descriptions to me in
Page 735 and 736:
waiting for the rest of us to catch
Page 737 and 738:
dream of Dr. King that had rung out
Page 739 and 740:
Apollo program was clamorous, but t
Page 741 and 742:
new decade were less glamorous, but
Page 743 and 744:
agency would never return to the gl
Page 745 and 746:
computers in aeronautical research,
Page 747 and 748:
the third member of Mary and Kaz’
Page 749 and 750:
in other workplaces, a prime locati
Page 751 and 752:
wasn’t wired to take the easy roa
Page 753 and 754:
determined to push for opportunitie
Page 755 and 756:
good-bye to one of my favorite “c
Page 757 and 758:
gave Gloria the chance to advance f
Page 759 and 760:
who spent the summer interning with
Page 761 and 762:
to “reprogram” the computers in
Page 763 and 764:
Jackson Sr., had spent the end of h
Page 765 and 766:
een an exciting place in the run-up
Page 767 and 768:
Christine went directly to the divi
Page 769 and 770:
esearchers Richard Seabass and Albe
Page 771 and 772:
An upper-level supervisor denied he
Page 773 and 774:
chart and showed it to the head of
Page 775 and 776:
Butler, a white man, who also held
Page 777 and 778:
was perhaps the only photographic e
Page 779 and 780:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The title of this b
Page 781 and 782:
comprehensive database of all the f
Page 783 and 784:
Museum for inviting me to be part o
Page 785 and 786:
questions regarding the months lead
Page 787 and 788:
instrumental in helping me reconstr
Page 789 and 790:
Wynn have been my hometown cheering
Page 791 and 792:
of the book proposal, improving it
Page 793 and 794:
National Aeronautics and Space Admi
Page 795 and 796:
Baltimore Afro-American. Archive ac
Page 797 and 798:
PDF and ebook formats at http://his
Page 799 and 800:
interviews with prominent African A
Page 801 and 802:
Katherine G. Johnson, Newport News,
Page 803 and 804:
Champine, Gloria. He’s Got the Ri
Page 805 and 806:
History of the NACA and NASA, 1915-
Page 807 and 808:
Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rig
Page 809 and 810:
Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917- 1958
Page 811 and 812:
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. K
Page 813 and 814:
Pearcy, Arthur. Flying the Frontier
Page 815 and 816:
Action 1940-1972. Baltimore: Johns
Page 817 and 818:
Economic Research, 2004, http://www
Page 819 and 820:
Gainer, Mary E. and Robert C. Moyer
Page 821 and 822:
Tunnels.” Ebony Magazine, August
Page 823 and 824:
“USO Secretary Weds Navy Man.”
Page 825 and 826:
xvi two white head computers: Blanc
Page 827 and 828:
1943, NARA Phil. 1 Every morning at
Page 829 and 830:
2012), 11. 3 the largest industry i
Page 831 and 832:
7 practical solutions: In the NACA
Page 833 and 834:
10 supported three workers: Kathryn
Page 835 and 836:
microfilm: 1374800, Ancestry.com. 1
Page 837 and 838:
Unemployment in the 1930s,” Journ
Page 839 and 840:
Mann Harris, personal interview, Ma
Page 841 and 842:
20 put war stamps on sale: Ibid. 20
Page 843 and 844:
(Parkersburg, WV: Trans Allegheny B
Page 845 and 846:
6, 2011. CHAPTER 4: THE DOUBLE V 27
Page 847 and 848:
Roads Port of Embarkation in World
Page 849 and 850:
November 13, 1943; “VPS Begins Tw
Page 851 and 852:
33 “There is no power in the worl
Page 853 and 854:
of Virginia”: Hansen, Engineer in
Page 855 and 856:
2014; Miriam Mann Harris, “Miriam
Page 857 and 858:
James A. Johnson, personal intervie
Page 859 and 860:
NASA and Langley archives at the La
Page 861 and 862:
51 flying North American P-51 Musta
Page 863 and 864:
Aeronautics 1915-1958 (Washington,
Page 865 and 866:
Paige, “Newsome Park Echoes,” N
Page 867 and 868:
1945. 66 their white, Gentile-only
Page 869 and 870:
1944. CHAPTER 8: THOSE WHO MOVE FOR
Page 871 and 872:
The History of the Greenbrier, 113.
Page 873 and 874:
73 received an offer to join the in
Page 875 and 876:
2013. 75 walked away from an offer
Page 877 and 878:
79 just $96: Martha J. Bailey and W
Page 879 and 880:
formed after the Langley laboratory
Page 881 and 882:
Memorandum for Section Heads and Di
Page 883 and 884:
aerodynamics text High Speed Wing T
Page 885 and 886:
Laboratory,” Memorandum for the S
Page 887 and 888:
Sanatorium: Ibid. 91 “It appears
Page 889 and 890:
highest honors: “Mary W. Jackson
Page 891 and 892:
97 field trips to the crab factory:
Page 893 and 894:
1940-1949-winners. 100 Project 506:
Page 895 and 896:
September 2003. 102 Eastman Jacobs,
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Employment.” 105 science textbook
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author, Swedish economist Gunnar My
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and Corliss, Wind Tunnels of NASA,
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113 “Jaybird was as fair as it go
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118 the director of the Newsome Par
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122 “The Flight Research Division
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ackground in the work being done by
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131 some of the black employees: Th
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135 Family lore had it: Hylick inte
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138 destined for the lab’s financ
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Cones at Supersonic Speeds,” Lang
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Over US”: New York Times, October
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York Times, July 5, 2008. 154 nonex
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157 Bettye Tillman and JoAnne Smart
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Relating to a Satellite Study, RA-
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January 14-17, 2002, Reno, Nevada,
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school districts to integrate: Smit
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y the President’s Science Advisor
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18, 2014, http://www.marieclaire.co
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181 “they were all the same”: J
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186 Mary Jackson had been one of hi
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and Guide, July 2, 1960. 194 nine-h
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198 So Mary enlisted the help of He
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256. 201 three hundred had joined t
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documents to support this, many in
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1961. 208 Have the chimpanzee: Swen
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214 “a Rube Goldberg device on to
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Saul Gass, “Project Mercury Real-
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career woman!”: “Lady Mathemati
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scenes role helping to organize the
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Apollo 11 Moon Landing,” Smithson
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lack publications, its small blacka
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243 face-to-face with Dr. Martin Lu
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246 “grand tour” of the outer p
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249 “They are loud in their prais
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R. Benson, Quieting the Boom: The S
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“Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women
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15. Gloria’s father’s crew work
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man: Christine Darden, The History
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Champine, personal interview, July
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Aerospace Mechanics Division, 182 A
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218, 221, 223 atomic war, 98, 151-1
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“masked” around whites, 109 Moo
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Colored waiting room, 22 entering a
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Cherry, Mary, 16 Civil Rights Act (
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Cold War “Communist” epithet, 6
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“fly-by-wire” Mercury missions,
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See also mathematicians men as, 205
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Darling Stadium, 225 “data analys
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Eisenhower, Dwight D. Introduction
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significance to blacks, 15-16, 32,
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Goble, James Francis “Jimmy” as
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electricity rationing and wind tunn
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West Computing section head, xvii,
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604 and 650 for trajectories, 138 7
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Girl Scout leader, 95, 97-98, 108,
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25, 75-76 homeowner, 132-133, 185-1
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Keating, Jean Clark (scientist), 17
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Rosenberg trial repercussions, 101-
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Malvestuto, Frank, 112 Maneuver Loa
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acial integration of women, 205 sal
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Moon shot cost of space program, 24
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Joseph McCarthy target, 102 teacher
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charter of, 171 cost of space progr
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newspapers. See black newspapers Ni
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Presidential Medal of Freedom, 172,
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221, 258 trajectories, 189-191, 214
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Robinson, Jackie, 140 Robinson, Spo
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International Geophysical Year, 162
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East End, 29-30, 61-62 federal defe
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Smart, JoAnne, 157 Smith, Benjamin
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illness, 89-91 West Computing secti
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airmen Taylor, Ophelia (West Comput
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transonic region, 100, 110-111, 137
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125-126 Langley first day, 37, 39,
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size increase, 41, 107, 111 West Co
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Mary Winston women author Doris Coh
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Young, P. B., 34 Young, Pearl FBI q
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CREDITS Cover design by Elsie Lyons
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HarperCollins e-books. FIRST EDITIO
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New Zealand HarperCollins Publisher
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