Hidden Figures - Margot Lee Shetterly

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gain, nearly all the women still worked at the behest of an engineer. It was the engineer who determined what problems to investigate, designed the experiments, and defined the assignments for the mathematicians. Engineers gave direction to the craftsmen who made the wind tunnel models and to the technicians and mechanics who manipulated the models. It was the engineer who faced the firingsquad editorial review board to defend the collective effort represented by the research report, and it was the engineer who took the victory lap when the report was published. Most of the country’s top engineering schools didn’t accept women. Kitty O’Brien Joyner, the laboratory’s only female engineer from the time Pearl Young left until the middle of the 1950s,
had been forced to sue the University of Virginia to enroll in the school’s all-male undergraduate engineering school in 1939. As for black female engineers, there weren’t enough of them in the country to constitute a rounding error. In 1952, Howard University had had only two female engineering graduates in its history. Being an engineer, Mary Jackson would eventually learn, meant being the only black person, or the only woman, or both, at industry conferences for years. Kaz’s endorsement put Mary on the engineering track, essentially promising a promotion when she successfully completed a few core courses. For Mary, differential equations were the first step. Actually, it was not that simple. The first step was to get permission to enter Hampton High School. If Mary had
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DEDICATION To my parents, Margaret
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CONTENTS Dedication Author’s Note
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About the Author Credits Copyright
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PROLOGUE Mrs. Land worked as a comp
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art collection, and haunted local a
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father drove the twenty minutes fro
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My dad joined Langley in 1964 as a
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ent on studying electrical engineer
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of our social life. Every summer, m
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oardrooms to have an inkling of the
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I had known more than that number j
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who made up the majority of Langley
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lack and white women who had been h
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youth or returned to life, I starte
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But before a computer became an ina
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CHAPTER ONE A Door Opens Melvin But
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one of the research facility’s ex
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disseminating its findings to the m
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had only provided the Army Air Corp
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engineers parked the planes in the
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airplane models tested in the tunne
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conscripted what seemed like entire
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thousand Negroes to the nation’s
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of the defense industry, and Execut
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The Warehouse Building, a brand-new
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law—and Virginia custom—kept hi
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e moved. The black female mathemati
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The laundry room was both one of th
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at the bottom of the war’s great
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In the summer of 1943, Dorothy jump
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ace. She did nothing to draw attent
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City, Missouri. Her own mother died
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little while, will look on with int
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either to her race or to her gender
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school year. The Depression-fueled
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Farmville’s Beulah AME Church, it
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Dorothy’s house on South Main sat
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Bemis Laboratory, graduates of Engi
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Teacher, preacher, doctor, lawyer
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CHAPTER THREE Past Is Prologue The
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leadership and creativity to mainta
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sale, each purchase a small offset
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made up her mind. Once Dorothy made
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The Colored waiting room at the Gre
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father’s extended absences, they
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Dorothy, who knew the call of the o
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Katherine lived in Marion, Virginia
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ending graduate school admission po
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domestic life winning out over care
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Tidewater region advanced toward Do
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etreated against the rolling tide o
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war towns like summer rain. Negro r
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usinesses sprinted to keep pace. Lo
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largest defense housing project—t
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existence was reduced to its simple
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segregation laws were designed to r
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with people who had stepped beyond
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Practices Committee brought about a
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endless abuse at the hands of white
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Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Pract
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eloquent sermons and maverick views
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What are we fighting for? they aske
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lessings of democracy was the featu
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of government just as surely as the
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either side—that sealed her statu
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whose company, J. S. Darling and So
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futuristic aspect of the landscape
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the desks, plying the machines for
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Wilberforce. By securing jobs in La
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and supervised Margery Hannah and t
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number and complexity, an employee
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into the “slow but deadly” SBD
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practical footwear that could stand
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proscribed in the same fashion. The
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Commonwealth of Virginia’s discri
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new sign just as blankly menacing a
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The Manns lived on Hampton Institut
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leader of all black colleges in pro
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openings with the same care and pro
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openly defied southern conventions.
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pragmatic majority, the West Comput
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a neighboring table; they just want
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Miriam Mann, and Kathryn Peddrew we
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CHAPTER SIX War Birds Readers of bl
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1944 the 332nd was flying North Ame
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most powerful offensive weapons—a
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committee. Amelia Earhart nearly lo
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thought they had a better way to do
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in one of the wind tunnels, shoulde
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Turbulent flows, like the swirl and
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identifying how to make a good plan
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owboat. But in order to accelerate
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—the West Area Computers received
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lost their X designation—the B-29
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ased on testing worked in the small
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pulleth a boner of any kind whatsoe
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work was making a difference in the
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CHAPTER SEVEN The Duration The firs
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Newsome Park, picking up the keys t
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Lassiter Courts, Orcutt Homes, and
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exhorted residents to turn out for
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children on a separate path forward
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can’t-get-there-from-here points
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to be the war to truly end all wars
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had come economic security, and a g
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kept the poor of all races divided
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and Copeland Parks under slum clear
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might have missed her calling in th
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dressed up and met the Manns at the
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and pain lay in store for the unfor
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including the principal, made less
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Joshua and Joylette Coleman’s fou
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Virginia State Institute. Income fr
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and Katherine and her sister took j
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was, like W. E. B. Du Bois and Book
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with one hand and just as quickly e
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opened and on humiliating terms.”
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off to West Virginia, they got marr
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the ruling. Rather than fight, Holt
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the professors treated her fairly,
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passage of time, it was easy to bel
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The youngest Vaughan children were
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Miriam Mann, and the Peddrews— Ka
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Institute’s bookkeeper and local
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herself from the leftovers. She did
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the region like waves on the shores
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laboratory when they were ready to
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Nearly to a woman, the West Compute
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who supported their factory workers
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1934, it was as a subprofessional s
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numbers that bedeviled her days. Sh
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imperative of drag cleanup—the pr
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approached Mach 1, or 100 percent o
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NACA’s first female engineer and
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eached the end of the road. Over th
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had no research credit to her name.
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Arkansas AM&N, a black college that
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movies at the Hampton Institute the
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Marge’s upward move resulted in o
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the women were proficient in basic
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Loads Building to help the women de
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Blanche turned her back on the grou
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cure an illness that would eventual
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laws of the state applied just as v
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knew it, and her bosses eventually
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the laboratory during the war, woul
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“Confederate-set inferno” that
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Hampton Institute campus, was like
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school system already employed two
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tireless service, religious devotio
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the King Street USO and the end of
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their lives. With a leader as creat
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“Hold on a minute!” she said su
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passed through the office, she was
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would not back down before any riva
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As a plane accelerated from high su
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known only as Project 506 was revea
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trial was all the evidence many cit
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The Stability Research Division, wh
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empowerment and one of the leaders
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Even A. Philip Randolph, an avowed
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estaurants in Maryland. The humilia
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teeth of the wartime mandate that h
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government. Among the middle-class
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CHAPTER ELEVEN The Area Rule In the
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East Area might put in a phone call
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same workplace as her white counter
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good nature and prodigious research
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paid close attention to her surroun
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proven when Langley built a small t
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and gained a measure of local celeb
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safer planes. Of course, the NACA w
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take a leave of absence from the wo
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engineering positions through the C
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eferring to the black engineers who
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do anything to impress. John Becker
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morning until the time they put on
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CHAPTER TWELVE Serendipity It had a
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Carolina. The simple but elegant we
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director of the Newsome Park Commun
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summer break from school, the Goble
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Hampton Roads was far from Jimmy’
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heat; many was the night she pined
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oth as a mathematician and as a man
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a job that paid her three times her
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Langley for a two-day conference on
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would both depend on the events in
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prejudice. But these days, there wa
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mind focusing on the good fortune t
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month probational appointment. Succ
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Page 389 and 390: day, she sat in a dark room and pee
Page 391 and 392: sky. That research, and other inves
Page 393 and 394: all as smart as whips. There was no
Page 395 and 396: outine, another reminder of the cas
Page 397 and 398: Virginia accent, Katherine might ha
Page 399 and 400: Katherine after two years in Newpor
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Page 407 and 408: the Christmas holidays, she accompa
Page 409 and 410: world that she would teach Roman nu
Page 411 and 412: feel their weight on her own should
Page 413 and 414: thirty-eight years old, she found h
Page 415 and 416: dubbed the American Century. Jet en
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Page 421 and 422: The female mathematicians’ job se
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Page 427 and 428: comers. It held one engineering cou
Page 429 and 430: declared his pleading moot. As Hamp
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Page 433: suggested that she enroll in the la
Page 437 and 438: too hard, her parents had worked to
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Page 441 and 442: named Gerald Rainey. Rainey instruc
Page 443 and 444: some of the staff had to the presen
Page 445 and 446: answered as they had each time thei
Page 447 and 448: moved from shadow to sun, the purpl
Page 449 and 450: crisis unfolded over days, each mor
Page 451 and 452: American democracy. That is, until
Page 453 and 454: the way to underground refuge from
Page 455 and 456: declared, was nothing less than a t
Page 457 and 458: editorial in the Cleveland Call and
Page 459 and 460: can’t let them beat us, she thoug
Page 461 and 462: Avenue School, was black. Most of t
Page 463 and 464: Mann (unrelated to West Computing
Page 465 and 466: father taught her the tricks like p
Page 467 and 468: the time she turned five, Desma Man
Page 469 and 470: Calloway’s niece attended in the
Page 471 and 472: Greensboro public school system. Ch
Page 473 and 474: United Negro College Fund. “I’v
Page 475 and 476: United States still struggled to fi
Page 477 and 478: CHAPTER SIXTEEN What a Difference a
Page 479 and 480: little too far out to warrant syste
Page 481 and 482: Physicists, chemists, geologists, a
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With the US government desperate to
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louder, engineers from PARD and the
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NACA’s three main laboratories. T
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fundamental problems of flight beca
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The defense machine’s hunger virt
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attenuated over time. Dismantling E
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children. An engineer’s wife gave
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yield their seats in the “white
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public school that tried to integra
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ending West Area Computing only aft
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United States.” It would take a l
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public operations of the military s
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assistant director, Floyd Thompson,
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1980s, but with the modesty charact
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With their educations on track and
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Vaughan a fresh start as well. She
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automobile than a baby carriage,”
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put forth a vague, practically usel
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Ray Moulton. So the engineers, who
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the Monroe calculator and filling o
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news. But however close she sat to
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designed to clarify the marching or
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answer nature’s call—a law she
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eyes of their bosses. Five out of t
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interactions with the men. Too much
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withstand pressure. Their path to a
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everyone who had helped her to reac
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CHAPTER EIGHTEEN With All Deliberat
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creating a brain trust at Mother La
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Virginia closed the public schools,
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School. The school board, however,
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their mother made regular appearanc
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into practice. James A. Johnson, bo
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together at dances and dinner parti
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lead, it was the simplest, fastest,
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enough to fit into the lunchbox of
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To the engineers on Katherine’s d
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thousands of woman-hours computing
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Skopinski. Working with Skopinski a
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—the fact that it was not perfect
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Angle report was the work of the Fl
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leary-eyed days of 1959, she accept
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had been set the year before by an
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weekend, approached. Mary helped he
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fifty thousand boys gearing up to c
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adolescent insolence and tears be d
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Entering the derby was tantamount t
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open to black boys, would have reje
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Four-foot Supersonic Pressure Tunne
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looked like them. Serving as the le
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and returned with tales for her you
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at the summit of the Twenty-Fifth S
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hour. His family fell upon him in a
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else might be possible? Achievement
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CHAPTER TWENTY Degrees of Freedom I
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arrested this afternoon when I went
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carrying a full semester of courses
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lack president at the helm for the
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moved: they defunded the entire cou
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already found permanent positions i
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promoted from an all-female service
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girls, Dorothy made a date with the
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correct order. As powerful as ACD
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put all available resources behind
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unpredictable from the start: on Ja
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thorough plan. Now they executed it
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only fifteen minutes and twenty-two
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of eighteen thousand people. The bu
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Side, Katherine’s former colleagu
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suborbital flight, came and went in
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CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Out of the Past,
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velocity, the aerodynamic pressure
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from the capsule in the Back River
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Eisenhower’s watch. Additional te
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full checkout of his flight plan. B
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machines’ data only to find error
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The space age and television were c
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pushing for answers to their inquir
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It was at Langley where the progres
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ange for work. The Scout rocket had
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whose greatest talents had been rec
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of accident, harmony, favor, wisdom
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guide and control the rocket and ca
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world. On the map were inscribed si
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ut it faced computer glitches and c
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of sending her numbers to be checke
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orbits. But then, during the first
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just minutes before was preparing h
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News: along the shipyard, over the
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1962, a glamorous Katherine Johnson
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO America Is for E
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space vehicle.” The document, cre
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Randolph brought together a group t
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the crowd, easing into his prepared
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through the doors at Langley, the w
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Virginia State University in Peters
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church with her husband and two you
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asis. They hosted card parties and
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their favorites. Christine Darden a
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plans were destroyed in the Februar
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up. The command service module was
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oard the spacecraft and the astrona
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CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE To Boldly Go I
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the janitresses and washerwomen and
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window, all observing the same thin
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The intensity of the last few days
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around the country ranged from mode
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get past the bellman—delights lik
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needs of the jet set at the Greenbr
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in the trenches of Mission Control.
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optimism, a certain idealism about
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South. The bill only made it over t
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others found themselves the only bl
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Star Trek landed in American homes
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That weekend Nichols attended a cel
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How could Katherine not be a fan? E
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immediately. Even without the press
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nights in front of the Friden calcu
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Aldrin on the Moon would have a bri
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EPILOGUE It’s the question that c
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fingerprint on what is considered h
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Katherine and her colleague Al Hame
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glamorous days of the space program
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Virginia. And a charter high school
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was from her descriptions to me in
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waiting for the rest of us to catch
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dream of Dr. King that had rung out
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Apollo program was clamorous, but t
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new decade were less glamorous, but
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agency would never return to the gl
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computers in aeronautical research,
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the third member of Mary and Kaz’
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in other workplaces, a prime locati
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wasn’t wired to take the easy roa
Page 753 and 754:
determined to push for opportunitie
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good-bye to one of my favorite “c
Page 757 and 758:
gave Gloria the chance to advance f
Page 759 and 760:
who spent the summer interning with
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to “reprogram” the computers in
Page 763 and 764:
Jackson Sr., had spent the end of h
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een an exciting place in the run-up
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Christine went directly to the divi
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esearchers Richard Seabass and Albe
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An upper-level supervisor denied he
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chart and showed it to the head of
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Butler, a white man, who also held
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was perhaps the only photographic e
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The title of this b
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comprehensive database of all the f
Page 783 and 784:
Museum for inviting me to be part o
Page 785 and 786:
questions regarding the months lead
Page 787 and 788:
instrumental in helping me reconstr
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Wynn have been my hometown cheering
Page 791 and 792:
of the book proposal, improving it
Page 793 and 794:
National Aeronautics and Space Admi
Page 795 and 796:
Baltimore Afro-American. Archive ac
Page 797 and 798:
PDF and ebook formats at http://his
Page 799 and 800:
interviews with prominent African A
Page 801 and 802:
Katherine G. Johnson, Newport News,
Page 803 and 804:
Champine, Gloria. He’s Got the Ri
Page 805 and 806:
History of the NACA and NASA, 1915-
Page 807 and 808:
Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rig
Page 809 and 810:
Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917- 1958
Page 811 and 812:
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. K
Page 813 and 814:
Pearcy, Arthur. Flying the Frontier
Page 815 and 816:
Action 1940-1972. Baltimore: Johns
Page 817 and 818:
Economic Research, 2004, http://www
Page 819 and 820:
Gainer, Mary E. and Robert C. Moyer
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Tunnels.” Ebony Magazine, August
Page 823 and 824:
“USO Secretary Weds Navy Man.”
Page 825 and 826:
xvi two white head computers: Blanc
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1943, NARA Phil. 1 Every morning at
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2012), 11. 3 the largest industry i
Page 831 and 832:
7 practical solutions: In the NACA
Page 833 and 834:
10 supported three workers: Kathryn
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microfilm: 1374800, Ancestry.com. 1
Page 837 and 838:
Unemployment in the 1930s,” Journ
Page 839 and 840:
Mann Harris, personal interview, Ma
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20 put war stamps on sale: Ibid. 20
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(Parkersburg, WV: Trans Allegheny B
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6, 2011. CHAPTER 4: THE DOUBLE V 27
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Roads Port of Embarkation in World
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November 13, 1943; “VPS Begins Tw
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33 “There is no power in the worl
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of Virginia”: Hansen, Engineer in
Page 855 and 856:
2014; Miriam Mann Harris, “Miriam
Page 857 and 858:
James A. Johnson, personal intervie
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NASA and Langley archives at the La
Page 861 and 862:
51 flying North American P-51 Musta
Page 863 and 864:
Aeronautics 1915-1958 (Washington,
Page 865 and 866:
Paige, “Newsome Park Echoes,” N
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1945. 66 their white, Gentile-only
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1944. CHAPTER 8: THOSE WHO MOVE FOR
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The History of the Greenbrier, 113.
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73 received an offer to join the in
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2013. 75 walked away from an offer
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79 just $96: Martha J. Bailey and W
Page 879 and 880:
formed after the Langley laboratory
Page 881 and 882:
Memorandum for Section Heads and Di
Page 883 and 884:
aerodynamics text High Speed Wing T
Page 885 and 886:
Laboratory,” Memorandum for the S
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Sanatorium: Ibid. 91 “It appears
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highest honors: “Mary W. Jackson
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97 field trips to the crab factory:
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1940-1949-winners. 100 Project 506:
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September 2003. 102 Eastman Jacobs,
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Employment.” 105 science textbook
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author, Swedish economist Gunnar My
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and Corliss, Wind Tunnels of NASA,
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113 “Jaybird was as fair as it go
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118 the director of the Newsome Par
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122 “The Flight Research Division
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ackground in the work being done by
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131 some of the black employees: Th
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135 Family lore had it: Hylick inte
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138 destined for the lab’s financ
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Cones at Supersonic Speeds,” Lang
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Over US”: New York Times, October
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York Times, July 5, 2008. 154 nonex
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157 Bettye Tillman and JoAnne Smart
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Relating to a Satellite Study, RA-
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January 14-17, 2002, Reno, Nevada,
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school districts to integrate: Smit
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y the President’s Science Advisor
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18, 2014, http://www.marieclaire.co
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181 “they were all the same”: J
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186 Mary Jackson had been one of hi
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and Guide, July 2, 1960. 194 nine-h
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198 So Mary enlisted the help of He
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256. 201 three hundred had joined t
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documents to support this, many in
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1961. 208 Have the chimpanzee: Swen
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214 “a Rube Goldberg device on to
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Saul Gass, “Project Mercury Real-
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career woman!”: “Lady Mathemati
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scenes role helping to organize the
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Apollo 11 Moon Landing,” Smithson
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lack publications, its small blacka
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243 face-to-face with Dr. Martin Lu
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246 “grand tour” of the outer p
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249 “They are loud in their prais
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R. Benson, Quieting the Boom: The S
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“Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women
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15. Gloria’s father’s crew work
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man: Christine Darden, The History
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Champine, personal interview, July
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Aerospace Mechanics Division, 182 A
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218, 221, 223 atomic war, 98, 151-1
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“masked” around whites, 109 Moo
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Colored waiting room, 22 entering a
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Cherry, Mary, 16 Civil Rights Act (
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Cold War “Communist” epithet, 6
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“fly-by-wire” Mercury missions,
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See also mathematicians men as, 205
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Darling Stadium, 225 “data analys
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Eisenhower, Dwight D. Introduction
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significance to blacks, 15-16, 32,
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Goble, James Francis “Jimmy” as
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electricity rationing and wind tunn
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West Computing section head, xvii,
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604 and 650 for trajectories, 138 7
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Girl Scout leader, 95, 97-98, 108,
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25, 75-76 homeowner, 132-133, 185-1
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Keating, Jean Clark (scientist), 17
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Rosenberg trial repercussions, 101-
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Malvestuto, Frank, 112 Maneuver Loa
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acial integration of women, 205 sal
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Moon shot cost of space program, 24
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Joseph McCarthy target, 102 teacher
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charter of, 171 cost of space progr
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newspapers. See black newspapers Ni
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Presidential Medal of Freedom, 172,
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221, 258 trajectories, 189-191, 214
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Robinson, Jackie, 140 Robinson, Spo
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International Geophysical Year, 162
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East End, 29-30, 61-62 federal defe
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Smart, JoAnne, 157 Smith, Benjamin
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illness, 89-91 West Computing secti
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airmen Taylor, Ophelia (West Comput
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transonic region, 100, 110-111, 137
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125-126 Langley first day, 37, 39,
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size increase, 41, 107, 111 West Co
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Mary Winston women author Doris Coh
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Young, P. B., 34 Young, Pearl FBI q
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CREDITS Cover design by Elsie Lyons
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HarperCollins e-books. FIRST EDITIO
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New Zealand HarperCollins Publisher
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