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Asset Condition Forecasts and Expected Useful Service Life Consumed for All Transit Assets under Three Scenarios and the SGR Benchmark ...................................................................................... 9-19 Alternative Methodology ................................................................................................................... 9-22 Revised Method for Estimating PMT Growth Rates .................................................................................. 9-23 Impact of New Technologies on Transit Investment Needs ...................................................................... 9-25 Impact of Compressed Natural Gas and Hybrid Buses on Future Needs ........................................... 9-26 Impact on Costs .................................................................................................................................. 9-27 Impact on Needs ................................................................................................................................ 9-27 Impact on Backlog .............................................................................................................................. 9-28 Forecasted Expansion Investment ............................................................................................................ 9-29 Chapter 10: Sensitivity Analysis .............................................................................................................. 10-1 Highway Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 10-2 Alternative Economic Analysis Assumptions ............................................................................................. 10-3 Value of Travel Time Savings .............................................................................................................. 10-3 Growth in the Value of Time .............................................................................................................. 10-5 Value of Traveler Safety ..................................................................................................................... 10-6 Discount Rate ..................................................................................................................................... 10-8 Costs of Capital Improvements .......................................................................................................... 10-9 Motor Fuel Prices ............................................................................................................................. 10-11 Traffic Growth Projections ............................................................................................................... 10-13 Alternative Strategies .............................................................................................................................. 10-14 Accelerating Operations/ITS Deployments ...................................................................................... 10-14 Transit Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 10-17 Changes in Asset Replacement Timing (Condition Threshold) ................................................................ 10-17 Changes in Capital Costs .......................................................................................................................... 10-18 Changes in the Value of Time .................................................................................................................. 10-19 Changes to the Discount Rate ................................................................................................................. 10-20 Part III: Special Topics ....................................................................................................................................... III-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ III-2 Chapter 11: Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation .................................................................................. 11-1 Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation ................................................................................................................ 11-2 Background and Context for Pedestrian and Bicycle Network Development, Safety, and Usage Trends ........................................................................................................................................................ 11-2 Trends in Pedestrian and Bicycle System Usage ....................................................................................... 11-3 Activity Level Trends .......................................................................................................................... 11-3 Safety Trends ...................................................................................................................................... 11-5 National Policies, Programs, and Initiatives .............................................................................................. 11-6 Federal Funding for Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation .............................................................. 11-6 Federal Strategic Plans, Policies, and Guidance: 1994–2016 ............................................................. 11-7 Current Federal Initiatives ................................................................................................................ 11-10 x Table of Contents
Moving Forward ....................................................................................................................................... 11-13 Chapter 12: Transportation Serving Federal and Tribal Lands ................................................................... 12-1 Transportation Serving Federal and Tribal Lands ................................................................................................. 12-2 Types of Federal and Tribal Lands .............................................................................................................. 12-2 Accessing Tribal Communities ................................................................................................................... 12-2 Resources Served within Federal Lands ..................................................................................................... 12-3 Role of Transportation in Use of Federal and Tribal Lands ........................................................................ 12-4 Condition and Performance of Roads Serving Federal and Tribal Lands ................................................... 12-6 Forest Service ...................................................................................................................................... 12-6 National Park Service .......................................................................................................................... 12-8 Fish and Wildlife Service ................................................................................................................... 12-10 Bureau of Land Management ........................................................................................................... 12-11 Bureau of Reclamation ..................................................................................................................... 12-12 Bureau of Indian Affairs .................................................................................................................... 12-13 Department of Defense .................................................................................................................... 12-13 United States Army Corps of Engineers ............................................................................................ 12-15 Transportation Funding for Federal and Tribal Lands .............................................................................. 12-15 Increasing Walking, Biking, and Transit Use on Federal and Tribal Lands ............................................... 12-17 The Future of Transportation on Federal and Tribal Lands ..................................................................... 12-18 Part IV: Recommendations for HPMS Changes .................................................................................................. IV-1 Recommendations for HPMS Changes ..................................................................................................... IV-2 Background ........................................................................................................................................................... IV-2 Additional Changes to HPMS ................................................................................................................................ IV-3 Part V: Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ V-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ V-2 Appendix A: Highway Investment Analysis Methodology .......................................................................... A-1 Highway Investment Analysis Methodology.......................................................................................................... A-2 Highway Economic Requirements System .................................................................................................. A-2 HERS Improvement Costs ........................................................................................................................... A-3 Allocating HERS Results Among Improvement Types .......................................................................... A-5 Pavement Condition Modeling ................................................................................................................... A-5 Valuation of Travel Time Savings ................................................................................................................ A-7 Values of Vehicle Occupants’ Travel Time ........................................................................................... A-9 Vehicle Occupancy ............................................................................................................................. A-11 Distribution of Vehicle Use by Purpose ............................................................................................. A-13 Vehicle Capital Costs .......................................................................................................................... A-15 Value of Cargo Carried by Freight Vehicles ........................................................................................ A-17 Estimated 2012 Values of Travel Time by Vehicle Type..................................................................... A-17 Costs of Air Pollutant Emissions ................................................................................................................ A-20 Table of Contents xi
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents List of Exhibits
Page 7 and 8: Roads and Bridges by Purpose ......
Page 9 and 10: Ridership .........................
Page 11: Urbanized Areas Over 1 Million in P
Page 15 and 16: List of Exhibits Highlights 2012 Ex
Page 17 and 18: Exhibit 1-9 Labor Force Participati
Page 19 and 20: Exhibit 3-18 Functionally Obsolete
Page 21 and 22: Exhibit 5-32 Transit Urban Passenge
Page 23 and 24: Exhibit 7-14 Projected 2032 Pavemen
Page 25 and 26: Exhibit 9-9 Sustain 2012 Spending S
Page 27 and 28: Exhibit C-1 Definitions of Transit
Page 29 and 30: FLTP Federal Lands Transportation P
Page 31 and 32: STRIDE Southeastern Transportation
Page 33 and 34: Report Organization This report beg
Page 35 and 36: metropolitan planning organizations
Page 37 and 38: to replace and rehabilitate existin
Page 39 and 40: investments in specific locations.
Page 41 and 42: ■ In nominal dollar terms, highwa
Page 43 and 44: Highway Safety Improved Overall, bu
Page 45 and 46: ■ The combined cost of wasted tim
Page 47 and 48: Highlights: Transit Extent of the S
Page 49 and 50: which came from passenger fares. Th
Page 51 and 52: Unlinked Passenger Trips, Passenger
Page 53 and 54: Executive Summary PART I Descriptio
Page 55 and 56: Executive Summary CHAPTER 1 Freight
Page 57 and 58: Executive Summary CHAPTER 2 System
Page 59 and 60: Executive Summary CHAPTER 3 System
Page 61 and 62: Executive Summary CHAPTER 4 Safety:
Page 63 and 64:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 5 System
Page 65 and 66:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 6 Finance
Page 67 and 68:
activity when travelers use transit
Page 69 and 70:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 7 Potenti
Page 71 and 72:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 8 Selecte
Page 73 and 74:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 9 Supplem
Page 75 and 76:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 10 Sensit
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Executive Summary CHAPTER 12 Transp
Page 80 and 81:
Introduction In 2014, the U.S. Depa
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■ Safety - To achieve a significa
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■ An NPRM for an Asset Management
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Personal Travel The movement of peo
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in nonvehicle travel. Nonvehicle mi
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Exhibit 1-6 Average Annual Person M
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As the U.S. population ages, the pe
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On average, U.S. citizens spend 20
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Exhibit 1-10 Regional Migration and
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Growth in Megaregions Between 2000
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Integrating GPS and smartphone tech
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These households learn to adapt to
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Transportation Demand Management (T
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Freight Movement The economy of the
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Exhibit 1-17 Tonnage on Highways, R
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Exhibit 1-20 Weight of Shipments by
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Exhibit 1-23 presents a map identif
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Exhibit 1-27 Total U.S.-Mexico Trad
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Challenges for Freight Transportati
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Freight challenges are not new. The
Page 120 and 121:
Highway and Bridge System Character
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Percentage of Total Highway Miles P
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stabilized, Americans are beginning
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In view of the importance of the NH
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The National Network has remained g
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next to office buildings or suburba
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How are collectors defined? Collect
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In addition to the construction of
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in urban areas; single-unit truck t
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The NHS encompasses all of the Inte
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with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
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UZA Rank Urbanized Areas (UZA) with
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In addition to fixed-route bus syst
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Exhibit 2-21 Transit Rail Mileage a
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FTA for Transportation for Persons
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chapter 3 System Conditions Highway
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Condition data for all bridges on t
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In 2012, approximately 66.6 percent
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has been the share of VMT on paveme
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low amounts of traffic, typically a
Page 161 and 162:
Bridge deficiencies by ownership ar
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Among the individual functional cla
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Roadway Alignment The term “roadw
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shoulder width designed in the 1930
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How do total bridge deficiencies di
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Bridge replacement projects create
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Transit System Conditions Ideally,
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The Replacement Value of U.S. Trans
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Exhibit 3-25 Age Distribution of Fi
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Exhibit 3-28 Urban Transit Rail Fle
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Other Rail Assets Assets associated
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vans, minivans, autos, and cutaways
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chapter 4 Safety Highway Safety ...
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Overall Fatalities and Injuries Sta
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The fatality rate per population wa
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Exhibit 4-5 Fatalities by Functiona
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To help accomplish this goal, FHWA
Page 195 and 196:
serious injuries and fatalities on
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Roadway Departure Focus States and
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Exhibit 4-9 Pedestrian and Other No
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total property damage exceeding $7,
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Transportation’s (DOT) Status of
Page 205 and 206:
ecause of a commuter rail collision
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Exhibit 4-19 Commuter Rail Injuries
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Highway System Performance Transpor
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“Nonrecurring” congestion is ca
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States. Similar to results for the
Page 216 and 217:
Exhibit 5-5 Planning Time Index for
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congestion has risen almost 5 perce
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travel times for intermodal locatio
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Exhibit 5-12 Average Truck Speeds o
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Exhibit 5-14 Top 25 Intercity Truck
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Exhibit 5-16 Average Travel Speeds
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sense of place; economic competitiv
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the success of plans and projects i
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change and extreme weather events i
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discusses techniques for integratin
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Gulf Coast Study The groundbreaking
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■ bus rapid transit - previously
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and (2) sharp drops in loads beyond
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service that are both reasonably fr
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light-rail and vanpool miles growin
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an increase in capacity-equivalent
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(up 20 percent per year), can be pa
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Exhibit 5-34 Transit Ridership vs.
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Highway Finance This chapter presen
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As shown in Exhibit 6-1, all levels
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Exhibit 6-4 Government Revenue Sour
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Highway Expenditures Highway expend
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dollar terms, while capital outlay
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for example, in the period between
Page 264 and 265:
Highway Capital Outlay States provi
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ehabilitation and 25.3 percent to e
Page 268 and 269:
Capital Outlays on the National Hig
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the private partner’s investment
Page 272 and 273:
Transit Finance Transit funding com
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Federal Funding Federal funding for
Page 276 and 277:
Exhibit 6-23 Urban Funding for Tran
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locomotives, and service vehicles)
Page 280 and 281:
Fluctuations in the levels of capit
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Exhibit 6-29 Urban Sources of Funds
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Exhibit 6-32 2012 Urban Rail Operat
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Based on operating costs alone, hea
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Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) a
Page 290 and 291:
Introduction To support the develop
Page 292 and 293:
costs because of difficulties in va
Page 294 and 295:
transit investment scenarios, which
Page 296 and 297:
The models used in this report—HE
Page 298 and 299:
are taken from the 2013 update to t
Page 301 and 302:
chapter 7 Potential Capital Investm
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Nonmodeled spending also includes t
Page 305 and 306:
match. To match the national-level
Page 307 and 308:
other pollutants. (The model uses e
Page 309 and 310:
Impacts of Federal-Aid Highway Inve
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How large is the investment backlog
Page 313 and 314:
Impact of Future Investment on High
Page 315 and 316:
feeds the Maintain Conditions and P
Page 317 and 318:
emains at the base-year level (aver
Page 319 and 320:
Impact on Vehicle Operating Costs E
Page 321 and 322:
travel that would occur if user cos
Page 323 and 324:
Exhibit 7-9 HERS Investment Levels
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Impact of Future Investment on NHS
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Impact of Future Investment on Inte
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Exhibit 7-13 Projected Changes in 2
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2012 (95.2 percent) at the highest
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The Percent Structurally Deficient
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Exhibit 7-15 also indicates that th
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Exhibit 7-17 Projected Impact of Al
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Potential Transit Capital Investmen
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aim of improving current service pe
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Transit Backlog The 2010 Conditions
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Exhibit 7-21 Impact of Preservation
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level of expansion investment requi
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Page 351 and 352:
Expansion Investments Although urba
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355:
Exhibit 7-28 presents estimates of
Page 358 and 359:
Selected Highway Capital Investment
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How do the definitions of the selec
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when the scenario relates to mainta
Page 364 and 365:
The NBIAS-derived component represe
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improvement type. Of importance to
Page 368 and 369:
Exhibit 8-7 Federal-Aid Highway Cap
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Exhibit 8-9 Improve Conditions and
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Exhibit 8-10 National Highway Syste
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Selected Transit Capital Investment
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■ Low and High-Growth Scenarios:
Page 378 and 379:
Exhibit 8-14 Annual Transit Capital
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ages and types and records generate
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equired to support continued riders
Page 384 and 385:
Exhibit 8-21 Investment Backlog: St
Page 386 and 387:
Within this new framework, the Low-
Page 388 and 389:
much of this comparison is based on
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Expansion Impacts Although continue
Page 392 and 393:
Highway Supplemental Scenario Analy
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The average annual investment level
Page 396 and 397:
The sensitivity analysis was conduc
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substituting these State-supplied f
Page 400 and 401:
derived from the 2012 HPMS data bee
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Alternative Timing of Investment in
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The bottom panel of Exhibit 9-5 ill
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investment timing. High bridge inve
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Why are the investment analyses pre
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Exhibit 9-8 Asset Condition Forecas
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Exhibit 9-11 Low-Growth Scenario: A
Page 414 and 415:
Prior Methodology: Prior to this re
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fuel efficiency, but this possible
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increase in investment needs. To pr
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Exhibit 9-21 Projection of Guideway
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chapter 10 Sensitivity Analysis Hig
Page 425 and 426:
Alternative Economic Analysis Assum
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the binding constraint in this scen
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(https://www.transportation.gov/off
Page 431 and 432:
to exhaust all opportunities for im
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ase-year capital improvement costs
Page 435 and 436:
motor fuel prices reduce the cost a
Page 437 and 438:
pavement rehabilitation and capacit
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Transit Sensitivity Analysis This s
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Exhibit 10-11 Impact of Increase in
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part III Special Topics Introductio
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chapter 11 Pedestrian and Bicycle T
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ development pro
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Exhibit 11-3 Bicycle and Pedestrian
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pedestrian walkways. Pedestrian and
Page 453 and 454:
“The DOT policy is to incorporate
Page 455 and 456:
A newly formed Pedestrian and Bicyc
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practices and principles published
Page 459 and 460:
chapter 12 Transportation Serving F
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miles are traveled annually on the
Page 463 and 464:
urban areas, access to educational
Page 465 and 466:
oads are paved, and the rest are gr
Page 467 and 468:
those assets. In addition to this b
Page 469 and 470:
adjacent to refuge access points. A
Page 471 and 472:
Reclamation owns approximately 2,01
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DOD contributes to the highway trus
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for FY 2013 and FY 2014 (see Exhibi
Page 477 and 478:
the complex relationship among thes
Page 479 and 480:
part IV Recommendations for HPMS Ch
Page 481 and 482:
investment requirements. The system
Page 483 and 484:
part V Appendices Introduction ....
Page 485 and 486:
appendix A Highway Investment Analy
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costs resulting from a highway impr
Page 489 and 490:
conventional widening is infeasible
Page 491 and 492:
■ For Portland cement concrete su
Page 493 and 494:
■ emergency service providers (su
Page 495 and 496:
A-3 indicate that bus drivers’ tr
Page 497 and 498:
Distribution of Vehicle Use by Purp
Page 499 and 500:
Exhibit A-5 Shares of Business and
Page 501 and 502:
employees’ eligibility to use com
Page 503 and 504:
Report, three- and four-axle trucks
Page 505 and 506:
HERS uses these estimates of CO2 em
Page 507 and 508:
■ Arterial Management Adaptive T
Page 509 and 510:
Exhibit A-9 Impacts of Operations S
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study and are not considered adequa
Page 513:
9 http://www.apta.com/resources/sta
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Bridge Investment Analysis Methodol
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e identified if a user-specified re
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estimated backlog of bridge needs,
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appendix C Transit Investment Analy
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The asset inventory data are derive
Page 527 and 528:
Note that this feature is not used
Page 529 and 530:
TERM’s estimates for capital expa
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Exhibit C-5 Assets in Marginal or P
Page 533 and 534:
The specific calculations used by t
Page 535:
Investment Benefits TERM’s B/C mo
Page 538 and 539:
Reimagining the C&P Report Over the
Page 540 and 541:
Other methodologies that could be s
Page 542:
of expression to guide users to con
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