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Rail Vehicles ............................................................................................................................................... 3-28 Other Rail Assets ....................................................................................................................................... 3-31 Rural Transit Vehicles and Facilities .......................................................................................................... 3-32 Chapter 4: Safety ...................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Highway Safety ....................................................................................................................................................... 4-2 Overall Fatalities and Injuries ...................................................................................................................... 4-3 Fatalities by Roadway Functional Class ....................................................................................................... 4-6 Vision: Toward Zero Deaths and Serious Injuries on the Nation’s Roadways ............................................. 4-8 Improved Data ..................................................................................................................................... 4-9 Improved Safety Analysis Tools ............................................................................................................ 4-9 Legislative Mandates .......................................................................................................................... 4-10 Focused Approach to Safety Program ....................................................................................................... 4-11 Roadway Departures .......................................................................................................................... 4-12 Intersections ....................................................................................................................................... 4-13 Pedestrians, Bicyclists, and Other Nonmotorists ............................................................................... 4-14 Transit Safety ....................................................................................................................................................... 4-16 Incidents, Fatalities, and Injuries ............................................................................................................... 4-16 Chapter 5: System Performance ................................................................................................................ 5-1 Highway System Performance ............................................................................................................................... 5-2 Economic Competitiveness ......................................................................................................................... 5-2 Congestion Definition ........................................................................................................................... 5-3 Congestion Measures ........................................................................................................................... 5-4 Congestion Trends................................................................................................................................ 5-8 Freight Performance .......................................................................................................................... 5-11 Quality of Life ............................................................................................................................................ 5-18 Measuring Quality of Life ................................................................................................................... 5-19 Environmental Sustainability ..................................................................................................................... 5-23 Climate Change Resilience, Adaptation, and Mitigation .................................................................... 5-23 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ................................................................................................................ 5-24 Climate Mitigation Tools and Resources ............................................................................................ 5-25 Building Partnerships to Improve Resilience ...................................................................................... 5-26 Climate Resilience and Adaptation Tools and Resources................................................................... 5-27 Transit System Performance ................................................................................................................................ 5-29 Average Operating (Passenger-Carrying) Speeds ...................................................................................... 5-30 Vehicle Use ................................................................................................................................................ 5-31 Vehicle Occupancy ............................................................................................................................. 5-31 Frequency and Reliability of Service ......................................................................................................... 5-33 System Coverage: Urban Directional Route Miles .................................................................................... 5-35 System Capacity ........................................................................................................................................ 5-35 vi Table of Contents
Ridership .................................................................................................................................................... 5-38 Chapter 6: Finance .................................................................................................................................... 6-1 Highway Finance ..................................................................................................................................................... 6-2 Revenue Sources for Highways .................................................................................................................... 6-2 Revenue Trends .................................................................................................................................... 6-5 Highway Expenditures ................................................................................................................................. 6-8 Types of Highway Expenditures ............................................................................................................ 6-9 Historical Expenditure and Funding Trends .......................................................................................... 6-9 Highway Capital Outlay .............................................................................................................................. 6-14 Capital Outlays on Federal-Aid Highways ........................................................................................... 6-17 Capital Outlays on the National Highway System ............................................................................... 6-18 Capital Outlays on the Interstate System ........................................................................................... 6-18 Project Finance ........................................................................................................................................... 6-19 Public-Private Partnerships ................................................................................................................. 6-19 Federal Credit Assistance .................................................................................................................... 6-20 Debt Financing Tools ........................................................................................................................... 6-21 Transit Finance ...................................................................................................................................................... 6-22 Level and Composition of Transit Funding ................................................................................................. 6-23 Federal Funding .................................................................................................................................. 6-24 State and Local Funding ...................................................................................................................... 6-25 System-Generated Funds .................................................................................................................... 6-25 Trends in Funding ....................................................................................................................................... 6-25 Funding in Current and Constant Dollars ............................................................................................ 6-26 Capital Funding and Expenditures ............................................................................................................. 6-27 Operating Expenditures ............................................................................................................................. 6-31 Operating Expenditures by Transit Mode ........................................................................................... 6-31 Operating Expenditures by Type of Cost ............................................................................................ 6-33 Operating Expenditures per Vehicle Revenue Mile ................................................................................... 6-33 Operating Expenditures per Passenger Mile ...................................................................................... 6-36 Farebox Recovery Ratios ..................................................................................................................... 6-36 Rural Transit ............................................................................................................................................... 6-37 Part II: Investment/Performance Analysis ........................................................................................................... II-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ II-2 Capital Investment Scenarios ................................................................................................................................. II-3 Highway and Bridge Investment Scenarios .................................................................................................. II-4 Transit Investment Scenarios ....................................................................................................................... II-5 Comparisons between Report Editions ........................................................................................................ II-5 The Economic Approach to Transportation Investment Analysis ........................................................................... II-6 The Economic Approach in Theory and Practice.......................................................................................... II-7 Table of Contents vii
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents List of Exhibits
Page 7: Roads and Bridges by Purpose ......
Page 11 and 12: Urbanized Areas Over 1 Million in P
Page 13 and 14: Moving Forward ....................
Page 15 and 16: List of Exhibits Highlights 2012 Ex
Page 17 and 18: Exhibit 1-9 Labor Force Participati
Page 19 and 20: Exhibit 3-18 Functionally Obsolete
Page 21 and 22: Exhibit 5-32 Transit Urban Passenge
Page 23 and 24: Exhibit 7-14 Projected 2032 Pavemen
Page 25 and 26: Exhibit 9-9 Sustain 2012 Spending S
Page 27 and 28: Exhibit C-1 Definitions of Transit
Page 29 and 30: FLTP Federal Lands Transportation P
Page 31 and 32: STRIDE Southeastern Transportation
Page 33 and 34: Report Organization This report beg
Page 35 and 36: metropolitan planning organizations
Page 37 and 38: to replace and rehabilitate existin
Page 39 and 40: investments in specific locations.
Page 41 and 42: ■ In nominal dollar terms, highwa
Page 43 and 44: Highway Safety Improved Overall, bu
Page 45 and 46: ■ The combined cost of wasted tim
Page 47 and 48: Highlights: Transit Extent of the S
Page 49 and 50: which came from passenger fares. Th
Page 51 and 52: Unlinked Passenger Trips, Passenger
Page 53 and 54: Executive Summary PART I Descriptio
Page 55 and 56: Executive Summary CHAPTER 1 Freight
Page 57 and 58: Executive Summary CHAPTER 2 System
Page 59 and 60:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 3 System
Page 61 and 62:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 4 Safety:
Page 63 and 64:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 5 System
Page 65 and 66:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 6 Finance
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activity when travelers use transit
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Executive Summary CHAPTER 7 Potenti
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Executive Summary CHAPTER 8 Selecte
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Executive Summary CHAPTER 9 Supplem
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Executive Summary CHAPTER 10 Sensit
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Executive Summary CHAPTER 12 Transp
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Introduction In 2014, the U.S. Depa
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■ Safety - To achieve a significa
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■ An NPRM for an Asset Management
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Personal Travel The movement of peo
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in nonvehicle travel. Nonvehicle mi
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Exhibit 1-6 Average Annual Person M
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As the U.S. population ages, the pe
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On average, U.S. citizens spend 20
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Exhibit 1-10 Regional Migration and
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Growth in Megaregions Between 2000
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Integrating GPS and smartphone tech
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These households learn to adapt to
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Transportation Demand Management (T
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Freight Movement The economy of the
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Exhibit 1-17 Tonnage on Highways, R
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Exhibit 1-20 Weight of Shipments by
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Exhibit 1-23 presents a map identif
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Exhibit 1-27 Total U.S.-Mexico Trad
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Challenges for Freight Transportati
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Freight challenges are not new. The
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Highway and Bridge System Character
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Percentage of Total Highway Miles P
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stabilized, Americans are beginning
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In view of the importance of the NH
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The National Network has remained g
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next to office buildings or suburba
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How are collectors defined? Collect
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In addition to the construction of
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in urban areas; single-unit truck t
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The NHS encompasses all of the Inte
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with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
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UZA Rank Urbanized Areas (UZA) with
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In addition to fixed-route bus syst
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Exhibit 2-21 Transit Rail Mileage a
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FTA for Transportation for Persons
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chapter 3 System Conditions Highway
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Condition data for all bridges on t
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In 2012, approximately 66.6 percent
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has been the share of VMT on paveme
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low amounts of traffic, typically a
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Bridge deficiencies by ownership ar
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Among the individual functional cla
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Roadway Alignment The term “roadw
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shoulder width designed in the 1930
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How do total bridge deficiencies di
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Bridge replacement projects create
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Transit System Conditions Ideally,
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The Replacement Value of U.S. Trans
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Exhibit 3-25 Age Distribution of Fi
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Exhibit 3-28 Urban Transit Rail Fle
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Other Rail Assets Assets associated
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vans, minivans, autos, and cutaways
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chapter 4 Safety Highway Safety ...
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Overall Fatalities and Injuries Sta
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The fatality rate per population wa
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Exhibit 4-5 Fatalities by Functiona
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To help accomplish this goal, FHWA
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serious injuries and fatalities on
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Roadway Departure Focus States and
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Exhibit 4-9 Pedestrian and Other No
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total property damage exceeding $7,
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Transportation’s (DOT) Status of
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ecause of a commuter rail collision
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Exhibit 4-19 Commuter Rail Injuries
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Highway System Performance Transpor
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“Nonrecurring” congestion is ca
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States. Similar to results for the
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Exhibit 5-5 Planning Time Index for
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congestion has risen almost 5 perce
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travel times for intermodal locatio
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Exhibit 5-12 Average Truck Speeds o
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Exhibit 5-14 Top 25 Intercity Truck
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Exhibit 5-16 Average Travel Speeds
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sense of place; economic competitiv
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the success of plans and projects i
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change and extreme weather events i
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discusses techniques for integratin
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Gulf Coast Study The groundbreaking
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■ bus rapid transit - previously
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and (2) sharp drops in loads beyond
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service that are both reasonably fr
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light-rail and vanpool miles growin
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an increase in capacity-equivalent
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(up 20 percent per year), can be pa
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Exhibit 5-34 Transit Ridership vs.
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Highway Finance This chapter presen
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As shown in Exhibit 6-1, all levels
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Exhibit 6-4 Government Revenue Sour
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Highway Expenditures Highway expend
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dollar terms, while capital outlay
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for example, in the period between
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Highway Capital Outlay States provi
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ehabilitation and 25.3 percent to e
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Capital Outlays on the National Hig
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the private partner’s investment
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Transit Finance Transit funding com
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Federal Funding Federal funding for
Page 276 and 277:
Exhibit 6-23 Urban Funding for Tran
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locomotives, and service vehicles)
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Fluctuations in the levels of capit
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Exhibit 6-29 Urban Sources of Funds
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Exhibit 6-32 2012 Urban Rail Operat
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Based on operating costs alone, hea
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Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) a
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Introduction To support the develop
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costs because of difficulties in va
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transit investment scenarios, which
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The models used in this report—HE
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are taken from the 2013 update to t
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chapter 7 Potential Capital Investm
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Nonmodeled spending also includes t
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match. To match the national-level
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other pollutants. (The model uses e
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Impacts of Federal-Aid Highway Inve
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How large is the investment backlog
Page 313 and 314:
Impact of Future Investment on High
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feeds the Maintain Conditions and P
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emains at the base-year level (aver
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Impact on Vehicle Operating Costs E
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travel that would occur if user cos
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Exhibit 7-9 HERS Investment Levels
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Impact of Future Investment on NHS
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Impact of Future Investment on Inte
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Exhibit 7-13 Projected Changes in 2
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2012 (95.2 percent) at the highest
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The Percent Structurally Deficient
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Exhibit 7-15 also indicates that th
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Exhibit 7-17 Projected Impact of Al
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Potential Transit Capital Investmen
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aim of improving current service pe
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Transit Backlog The 2010 Conditions
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Exhibit 7-21 Impact of Preservation
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level of expansion investment requi
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Page 351 and 352:
Expansion Investments Although urba
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Page 355:
Exhibit 7-28 presents estimates of
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Selected Highway Capital Investment
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How do the definitions of the selec
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when the scenario relates to mainta
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The NBIAS-derived component represe
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improvement type. Of importance to
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Exhibit 8-7 Federal-Aid Highway Cap
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Exhibit 8-9 Improve Conditions and
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Exhibit 8-10 National Highway Syste
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Selected Transit Capital Investment
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■ Low and High-Growth Scenarios:
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Exhibit 8-14 Annual Transit Capital
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ages and types and records generate
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equired to support continued riders
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Exhibit 8-21 Investment Backlog: St
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Within this new framework, the Low-
Page 388 and 389:
much of this comparison is based on
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Expansion Impacts Although continue
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Highway Supplemental Scenario Analy
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The average annual investment level
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The sensitivity analysis was conduc
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substituting these State-supplied f
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derived from the 2012 HPMS data bee
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Alternative Timing of Investment in
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The bottom panel of Exhibit 9-5 ill
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investment timing. High bridge inve
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Why are the investment analyses pre
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Exhibit 9-8 Asset Condition Forecas
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Exhibit 9-11 Low-Growth Scenario: A
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Prior Methodology: Prior to this re
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fuel efficiency, but this possible
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increase in investment needs. To pr
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Exhibit 9-21 Projection of Guideway
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chapter 10 Sensitivity Analysis Hig
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Alternative Economic Analysis Assum
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the binding constraint in this scen
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(https://www.transportation.gov/off
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to exhaust all opportunities for im
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ase-year capital improvement costs
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motor fuel prices reduce the cost a
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pavement rehabilitation and capacit
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Transit Sensitivity Analysis This s
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Exhibit 10-11 Impact of Increase in
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part III Special Topics Introductio
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chapter 11 Pedestrian and Bicycle T
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ development pro
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Exhibit 11-3 Bicycle and Pedestrian
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pedestrian walkways. Pedestrian and
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“The DOT policy is to incorporate
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A newly formed Pedestrian and Bicyc
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practices and principles published
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chapter 12 Transportation Serving F
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miles are traveled annually on the
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urban areas, access to educational
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oads are paved, and the rest are gr
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those assets. In addition to this b
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adjacent to refuge access points. A
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Reclamation owns approximately 2,01
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DOD contributes to the highway trus
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for FY 2013 and FY 2014 (see Exhibi
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the complex relationship among thes
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part IV Recommendations for HPMS Ch
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investment requirements. The system
Page 483 and 484:
part V Appendices Introduction ....
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appendix A Highway Investment Analy
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costs resulting from a highway impr
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conventional widening is infeasible
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■ For Portland cement concrete su
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■ emergency service providers (su
Page 495 and 496:
A-3 indicate that bus drivers’ tr
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Distribution of Vehicle Use by Purp
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Exhibit A-5 Shares of Business and
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employees’ eligibility to use com
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Report, three- and four-axle trucks
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HERS uses these estimates of CO2 em
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■ Arterial Management Adaptive T
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Exhibit A-9 Impacts of Operations S
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study and are not considered adequa
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9 http://www.apta.com/resources/sta
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Bridge Investment Analysis Methodol
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e identified if a user-specified re
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estimated backlog of bridge needs,
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appendix C Transit Investment Analy
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The asset inventory data are derive
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Note that this feature is not used
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TERM’s estimates for capital expa
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Exhibit C-5 Assets in Marginal or P
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The specific calculations used by t
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Investment Benefits TERM’s B/C mo
Page 538 and 539:
Reimagining the C&P Report Over the
Page 540 and 541:
Other methodologies that could be s
Page 542:
of expression to guide users to con
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