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Exhibit 6-29 Urban Sources of Funds for Transit Operating Expenditures, 2002–2012 ........................................ 6-32 Exhibit 6-30 Urban Transit Operating Expenditures by Mode, 2002–2012 ......................................................... 6-32 Exhibit 6-31 Urban Operating Expenditures by Mode and Functions, 2012 ........................................................ 6-33 Exhibit 6-32 2012 Urban Rail Operating Expenditures by Type of Cost, Millions of Dollars ................................. 6-34 Exhibit 6-33 2012 Urban Nonrail Operating Expenditures by Type of Cost, Millions of Dollars ............................ 6-34 Exhibit 6-34 Urban Operating Expenditures per Vehicle Revenue Mile, 2002–2012 (Constant Dollars) ............... 6-34 Exhibit 6-35 Urban Average Fares and Operating Costs per Mile—Top 10 Transit Agencies, 2002–2012 (Constant Dollars) ............................................................................................................................................ 6-35 Exhibit 6-36 Urban Growth in Operating Costs—Top 10 Agencies, 2002–2012 (Constant Dollars), Directly Operated Services ............................................................................................................................... 6-35 Exhibit 6-37 Urban Operating Expenditures per Capacity-Equivalent Vehicle Revenue Mile by Mode, 2002–2012 (Constant Dollars) .......................................................................................................................... 6-36 Exhibit 6-38 Urban Operating Expenditures per Passenger Mile, 2002–2012 (Constant Dollars) ......................... 6-37 Exhibit 6-39 Urban Farebox Recovery Ratio by Mode, 2004–2012 ..................................................................... 6-37 Exhibit 6-40 Rural Transit Funding Sources for Capital Expenditures, 2012 ........................................................ 6-38 Exhibit 6-41 Rural Transit Funding Sources for Operating Expenditures, 2012 .................................................... 6-38 Exhibit 7-1 Distribution of 2012 Capital Expenditures by Investment Type .......................................................... 7-4 Exhibit 7-2 HERS Annual Investment Levels Analyzed for Federal-Aid Highways ................................................ 7-10 Exhibit 7-3 Minimum and Average Benefit-Cost Ratios (BCRs) for Different Possible Funding Levels on Federal-Aid Highways ...................................................................................................................................... 7-12 Exhibit 7-4 Projected 2032 Pavement Ride Quality Indicators on Federal-Aid Highways Compared with 2012 for Different Possible Funding Levels ........................................................................................................ 7-13 Exhibit 7-5 Projected Changes in 2032 Highway Travel Delay and Speed on Federal-Aid Highways Compared with Base Year for Different Possible Funding Levels ........................................................................ 7-15 Exhibit 7-6 Projected 2032 Average Total User Costs on Federal-Aid Highways Compared with Base Year for Different Possible Funding Levels ........................................................................................................ 7-17 Exhibit 7-7 Projected 2032 Vehicle Operating Costs on Federal-Aid Highways Compared with Base Year for Different Possible Funding Levels ........................................................................................................ 7-19 Exhibit 7-8 Projected 2032 User Costs and VMT on Federal-Aid Highways Compared with Base Year for Different Possible Funding Levels ................................................................................................................ 7-21 Exhibit 7-9 HERS Investment Levels Analyzed for the National Highway System and Projected Minimum Benefit-Cost Ratios, User Costs, and Vehicle Miles Traveled .............................................................. 7-23 Exhibit 7-10 Projected Changes in 2032 Highway Speed, Travel Delay, and Travel Time Costs on the National Highway System Compared with Base Year for Different Possible Funding Levels................................. 7-24 Exhibit 7-11 Projected 2032 Pavement Ride Quality Indicators on the National Highway System Compared with 2012 for Different Possible Funding Levels ............................................................................... 7-25 Exhibit 7-12 HERS Investment Levels Analyzed for the Interstate System and Projected Minimum Benefit-Cost Ratios, User Costs, and Vehicle Miles Traveled .............................................................................. 7-27 Exhibit 7-13 Projected Changes in 2032 Highway Speed, Travel Delay, and Travel Time Costs on the Interstate System Compared with Base Year for Different Possible Funding Levels ............................................ 7-29 xx List of Exhibits
Exhibit 7-14 Projected 2032 Pavement Ride Quality Indicators on the Interstate System Compared with 2012 for Different Possible Funding Levels ................................................................................................ 7-30 Exhibit 7-15 Projected Impact of Alternative Investment Levels on 2032 Bridge Condition Indicators for All Bridges ............................................................................................................................................................ 7-34 Exhibit 7-16 Projected Impact of Alternative Investment Levels on 2032 Bridge Condition Indicators for Bridges on Federal-Aid Highways ................................................................................................................. 7-36 Exhibit 7-17 Projected Impact of Alternative Investment Levels on 2032 Bridge Condition Indicators for Bridges on the National Highway System ..................................................................................................... 7-37 Exhibit 7-18 Projected Impact of Alternative Investment Levels on 2032 Bridge Condition Indicators for Interstate Bridges ....................................................................................................................................... 7-38 Exhibit 7-19 2012 Transit Capital Expenditures ................................................................................................. 7-42 Exhibit 7-20 Impact of Preservation Investment on 2032 Transit State of Good Repair Backlog in All Urbanized and Rural Areas ............................................................................................................................... 7-44 Exhibit 7-21 Impact of Preservation Investment on 2032 Transit Conditions in All Urbanized and Rural Areas ............................................................................................................................................................... 7-45 Exhibit 7-22 New Ridership Supported in 2032 by Expansion Investments in All Urbanized and Rural Areas ............................................................................................................................................................... 7-47 Exhibit 7-23 Impact of Preservation Investment on 2032 Transit State of Good Repair Backlog in Urbanized Areas with Population over 1 Million ................................................................................................ 7-49 Exhibit 7-24 Impact of Level of Preservation Investment on 2032 Transit Conditions in Urbanized Areas with Population over 1 Million ................................................................................................................ 7-50 Exhibit 7-25 New Ridership Supported in 2032 by Expansion Investments in Urbanized Areas with Population over 1 Million ................................................................................................................................. 7-52 Exhibit 7-26 Impact of Preservation Investment on 2032 Transit State of Good Repair Backlog in Urbanized Areas with Population under 1 Million and Rural Areas ..................................................................... 7-53 Exhibit 7-27 Impact of Preservation Investment on 2032 Transit Conditions in Urbanized Areas with Population under 1 Million and Rural Areas ...................................................................................................... 7-54 Exhibit 7-28 New Ridership Supported in 2032 by Expansion Investments in Urbanized Areas with Population under 1 Million and Rural Areas ...................................................................................................... 7-55 Exhibit 8-1 Capital Investment Scenarios for Highways and Bridges and Derivation of Components ..................... 8-3 Exhibit 8-2 Summary of Average Annual Investment Levels by Scenario .............................................................. 8-5 Exhibit 8-3 Source of Estimates of Highway Investment Scenarios, by Model ....................................................... 8-7 Exhibit 8-4 Estimated Highway and Bridge Investment Backlog as of 2012 ........................................................... 8-8 Exhibit 8-5 Systemwide Highway Capital Investment Scenarios for 2013 Through 2032: Distribution by Capital Improvement Type Compared with Actual 2012 Spending ........................................................................ 8-9 Exhibit 8-6 Systemwide Highway Capital Investment Scenarios for 2013 Through 2032: Projected Impacts on Selected Highway Performance Measures ....................................................................................... 8-10 Exhibit 8-7 Federal-Aid Highway Capital Investment Scenarios for 2013 Through 2032: Distribution by Capital Improvement Type Compared with Actual 2012 Spending ...................................................................... 8-12 List of Exhibits xxi
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents List of Exhibits
Page 7 and 8: Roads and Bridges by Purpose ......
Page 9 and 10: Ridership .........................
Page 11 and 12: Urbanized Areas Over 1 Million in P
Page 13 and 14: Moving Forward ....................
Page 15 and 16: List of Exhibits Highlights 2012 Ex
Page 17 and 18: Exhibit 1-9 Labor Force Participati
Page 19 and 20: Exhibit 3-18 Functionally Obsolete
Page 21: Exhibit 5-32 Transit Urban Passenge
Page 25 and 26: Exhibit 9-9 Sustain 2012 Spending S
Page 27 and 28: Exhibit C-1 Definitions of Transit
Page 29 and 30: FLTP Federal Lands Transportation P
Page 31 and 32: STRIDE Southeastern Transportation
Page 33 and 34: Report Organization This report beg
Page 35 and 36: metropolitan planning organizations
Page 37 and 38: to replace and rehabilitate existin
Page 39 and 40: investments in specific locations.
Page 41 and 42: ■ In nominal dollar terms, highwa
Page 43 and 44: Highway Safety Improved Overall, bu
Page 45 and 46: ■ The combined cost of wasted tim
Page 47 and 48: Highlights: Transit Extent of the S
Page 49 and 50: which came from passenger fares. Th
Page 51 and 52: Unlinked Passenger Trips, Passenger
Page 53 and 54: Executive Summary PART I Descriptio
Page 55 and 56: Executive Summary CHAPTER 1 Freight
Page 57 and 58: Executive Summary CHAPTER 2 System
Page 61 and 62: Executive Summary CHAPTER 4 Safety:
Page 65 and 66: Executive Summary CHAPTER 6 Finance
Page 67 and 68: activity when travelers use transit
Page 69 and 70: Executive Summary CHAPTER 7 Potenti
Page 71 and 72: Executive Summary CHAPTER 8 Selecte
Page 73 and 74:
Executive Summary CHAPTER 9 Supplem
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Executive Summary CHAPTER 10 Sensit
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Executive Summary CHAPTER 12 Transp
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Introduction In 2014, the U.S. Depa
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■ Safety - To achieve a significa
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■ An NPRM for an Asset Management
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Personal Travel The movement of peo
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in nonvehicle travel. Nonvehicle mi
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Exhibit 1-6 Average Annual Person M
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As the U.S. population ages, the pe
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On average, U.S. citizens spend 20
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Exhibit 1-10 Regional Migration and
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Growth in Megaregions Between 2000
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Integrating GPS and smartphone tech
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These households learn to adapt to
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Transportation Demand Management (T
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Freight Movement The economy of the
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Exhibit 1-17 Tonnage on Highways, R
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Exhibit 1-20 Weight of Shipments by
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Exhibit 1-23 presents a map identif
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Exhibit 1-27 Total U.S.-Mexico Trad
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Challenges for Freight Transportati
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Freight challenges are not new. The
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Highway and Bridge System Character
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Percentage of Total Highway Miles P
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stabilized, Americans are beginning
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In view of the importance of the NH
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The National Network has remained g
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next to office buildings or suburba
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How are collectors defined? Collect
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In addition to the construction of
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in urban areas; single-unit truck t
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The NHS encompasses all of the Inte
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with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
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UZA Rank Urbanized Areas (UZA) with
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In addition to fixed-route bus syst
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Exhibit 2-21 Transit Rail Mileage a
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FTA for Transportation for Persons
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chapter 3 System Conditions Highway
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Condition data for all bridges on t
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In 2012, approximately 66.6 percent
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has been the share of VMT on paveme
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low amounts of traffic, typically a
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Bridge deficiencies by ownership ar
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Among the individual functional cla
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Roadway Alignment The term “roadw
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shoulder width designed in the 1930
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How do total bridge deficiencies di
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Bridge replacement projects create
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Transit System Conditions Ideally,
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The Replacement Value of U.S. Trans
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Exhibit 3-25 Age Distribution of Fi
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Exhibit 3-28 Urban Transit Rail Fle
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Other Rail Assets Assets associated
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vans, minivans, autos, and cutaways
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chapter 4 Safety Highway Safety ...
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Overall Fatalities and Injuries Sta
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The fatality rate per population wa
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Exhibit 4-5 Fatalities by Functiona
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To help accomplish this goal, FHWA
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serious injuries and fatalities on
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Roadway Departure Focus States and
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Exhibit 4-9 Pedestrian and Other No
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total property damage exceeding $7,
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Transportation’s (DOT) Status of
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ecause of a commuter rail collision
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Exhibit 4-19 Commuter Rail Injuries
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Highway System Performance Transpor
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“Nonrecurring” congestion is ca
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States. Similar to results for the
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Exhibit 5-5 Planning Time Index for
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congestion has risen almost 5 perce
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travel times for intermodal locatio
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Exhibit 5-12 Average Truck Speeds o
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Exhibit 5-14 Top 25 Intercity Truck
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Exhibit 5-16 Average Travel Speeds
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sense of place; economic competitiv
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the success of plans and projects i
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change and extreme weather events i
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discusses techniques for integratin
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Gulf Coast Study The groundbreaking
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■ bus rapid transit - previously
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and (2) sharp drops in loads beyond
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service that are both reasonably fr
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light-rail and vanpool miles growin
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an increase in capacity-equivalent
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(up 20 percent per year), can be pa
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Exhibit 5-34 Transit Ridership vs.
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Highway Finance This chapter presen
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As shown in Exhibit 6-1, all levels
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Exhibit 6-4 Government Revenue Sour
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Highway Expenditures Highway expend
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dollar terms, while capital outlay
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for example, in the period between
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Highway Capital Outlay States provi
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ehabilitation and 25.3 percent to e
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Capital Outlays on the National Hig
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the private partner’s investment
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Transit Finance Transit funding com
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Federal Funding Federal funding for
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Exhibit 6-23 Urban Funding for Tran
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locomotives, and service vehicles)
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Fluctuations in the levels of capit
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Exhibit 6-29 Urban Sources of Funds
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Exhibit 6-32 2012 Urban Rail Operat
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Based on operating costs alone, hea
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Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) a
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Introduction To support the develop
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costs because of difficulties in va
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transit investment scenarios, which
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The models used in this report—HE
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are taken from the 2013 update to t
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chapter 7 Potential Capital Investm
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Nonmodeled spending also includes t
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match. To match the national-level
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other pollutants. (The model uses e
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Impacts of Federal-Aid Highway Inve
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How large is the investment backlog
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Impact of Future Investment on High
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feeds the Maintain Conditions and P
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emains at the base-year level (aver
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Impact on Vehicle Operating Costs E
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travel that would occur if user cos
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Exhibit 7-9 HERS Investment Levels
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Impact of Future Investment on NHS
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Impact of Future Investment on Inte
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Exhibit 7-13 Projected Changes in 2
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2012 (95.2 percent) at the highest
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The Percent Structurally Deficient
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Exhibit 7-15 also indicates that th
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Exhibit 7-17 Projected Impact of Al
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Potential Transit Capital Investmen
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aim of improving current service pe
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Transit Backlog The 2010 Conditions
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Exhibit 7-21 Impact of Preservation
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level of expansion investment requi
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Expansion Investments Although urba
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Exhibit 7-28 presents estimates of
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Selected Highway Capital Investment
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How do the definitions of the selec
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when the scenario relates to mainta
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The NBIAS-derived component represe
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improvement type. Of importance to
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Exhibit 8-7 Federal-Aid Highway Cap
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Exhibit 8-9 Improve Conditions and
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Exhibit 8-10 National Highway Syste
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Selected Transit Capital Investment
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■ Low and High-Growth Scenarios:
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Exhibit 8-14 Annual Transit Capital
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ages and types and records generate
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equired to support continued riders
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Exhibit 8-21 Investment Backlog: St
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Within this new framework, the Low-
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much of this comparison is based on
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Expansion Impacts Although continue
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Highway Supplemental Scenario Analy
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The average annual investment level
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The sensitivity analysis was conduc
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substituting these State-supplied f
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derived from the 2012 HPMS data bee
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Alternative Timing of Investment in
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The bottom panel of Exhibit 9-5 ill
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investment timing. High bridge inve
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Why are the investment analyses pre
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Exhibit 9-8 Asset Condition Forecas
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Exhibit 9-11 Low-Growth Scenario: A
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Prior Methodology: Prior to this re
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fuel efficiency, but this possible
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increase in investment needs. To pr
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Exhibit 9-21 Projection of Guideway
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chapter 10 Sensitivity Analysis Hig
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Alternative Economic Analysis Assum
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the binding constraint in this scen
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(https://www.transportation.gov/off
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to exhaust all opportunities for im
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ase-year capital improvement costs
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motor fuel prices reduce the cost a
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pavement rehabilitation and capacit
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Transit Sensitivity Analysis This s
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Exhibit 10-11 Impact of Increase in
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part III Special Topics Introductio
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chapter 11 Pedestrian and Bicycle T
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ development pro
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Exhibit 11-3 Bicycle and Pedestrian
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pedestrian walkways. Pedestrian and
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“The DOT policy is to incorporate
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A newly formed Pedestrian and Bicyc
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practices and principles published
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chapter 12 Transportation Serving F
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miles are traveled annually on the
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urban areas, access to educational
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oads are paved, and the rest are gr
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those assets. In addition to this b
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adjacent to refuge access points. A
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Reclamation owns approximately 2,01
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DOD contributes to the highway trus
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for FY 2013 and FY 2014 (see Exhibi
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the complex relationship among thes
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part IV Recommendations for HPMS Ch
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investment requirements. The system
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part V Appendices Introduction ....
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appendix A Highway Investment Analy
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costs resulting from a highway impr
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conventional widening is infeasible
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■ For Portland cement concrete su
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■ emergency service providers (su
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A-3 indicate that bus drivers’ tr
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Distribution of Vehicle Use by Purp
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Exhibit A-5 Shares of Business and
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employees’ eligibility to use com
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Report, three- and four-axle trucks
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HERS uses these estimates of CO2 em
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■ Arterial Management Adaptive T
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Exhibit A-9 Impacts of Operations S
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study and are not considered adequa
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9 http://www.apta.com/resources/sta
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Bridge Investment Analysis Methodol
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e identified if a user-specified re
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estimated backlog of bridge needs,
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appendix C Transit Investment Analy
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The asset inventory data are derive
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Note that this feature is not used
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TERM’s estimates for capital expa
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Exhibit C-5 Assets in Marginal or P
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The specific calculations used by t
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Investment Benefits TERM’s B/C mo
Page 538 and 539:
Reimagining the C&P Report Over the
Page 540 and 541:
Other methodologies that could be s
Page 542:
of expression to guide users to con
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