Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary

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Zingiber officinale dried rhizome (Hamdard) Zizyphus jujuba Mill.—fruit (Hamdard) Acknowledgements CCRAS: courtesy of Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi CCRUM: courtesy of Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi Dabur: courtesy of V.C. Burman, Chairman, Dabur India Ltd., Kaushambi, Ghaziabad- 201010. U.P. www.dabur.com Hamdard: courtesy of Hammad Ahmed, Senior Director, Hamdard (Wakf) Laboratories, 2A/3, Asaf Ali Road, Hamdard Building, New Delhi-110 002. www.hamdard.com Himalaya: courtesy of Dr. S.K. Mitra M.D., Executive Director, The Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Bangalore-562123. www.himalayahealthcare.com WHO and PLIM: grateful acknowledgement to the World Health Organization and Pharmaceutical Laboratory of <strong>Indian</strong> Medicine, III-A, C.G.O. Complex-I, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad-2010002. Reproduced from R.U. Ahmad et al. (eds) Plant Drugs of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Vol. I, 2001; Album of Crude Drugs; Production of ISM Drugs with Current Good Manufacturing Practice, 2002. Photographs by S.N. Dhusia WOI: courtesy of The Wealth of India, CSIR
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Indian Medicinal Plants
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Author C.P. Khare B-1/211, Janak Pu
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Guiding Factors First of all, let m
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• The British Herbal Pharmacopoei
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Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moen
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disorders, contain taraxerol, its a
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diabetic rats. Seed oil—antifunga
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The bark yields a saponin which, on
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Ayurvedic ◮ Aadaari, Lataa Khadir
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haemostatic. Salicylic acid is anti
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Chamba in Himachal Pradesh, between
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pseudoaconitine. (The inert charact
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Habitat ◮ Native to Japan, occasi
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Ayurvedic ◮ Vaasaa, Vaasaka, Vaas
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Siddha/Tamil ◮ Manjakadambu. Folk
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Horse Chestnut contains triterpenoi
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es, polyphosphatases, polyphenoloxi
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diuretic and urinary antiseptic, an
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Alangium begoniaefolium (Roxb.) Bai
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Action ◮ Bark—a decoction is gi
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Ayurvedic ◮ Grnjana. Unani ◮ Ga
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action). With crushing or chewing a
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Dosage ◮ Leaf pulp juice—10-20
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Alstonia sp. is known as Fever Bark
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Ayurvedic ◮ Identified as Soma of
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Folk ◮ Daadmaari. (Also known as
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An iridoid glycoside named amphicos
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Action ◮ Stimulant, cordial, rube
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Anchusa italica Retz. Synonym ◮ A
Page 118:
Angelica archangelica Linn. var. hi
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leaves contain glucosides of luteol
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chamomile remains unapproved due to
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Celery yields an essential oil (3%)
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Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Spreng. Fam
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drug, in itself, did not show anabo
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sis of thyroid hormone. (Sharon M.
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Action ◮ Leaf—haemostatic. Esse
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activity and is a uterine stimulant
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Vari. (Substitute for Medaa, Mahaam
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Aqueous extract decreased fasting g
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the gastrointestinal tract and bile
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English ◮ Carambola, Star Fruit,
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Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Penn. Synon
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Along with other therapeutic applic
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Ayurvedic ◮ Vansha, Venu, Kichaka
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Dosage ◮ Whole plant—50-100 g f
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Bauhinia acuminata Linn. Family ◮
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uds are used in diarrhoea, dysenter
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hypotensive, antiamoebic, anticoagu
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(Paashaanabheda indicates that the
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and wounds. Decoction is given in s
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Blumea eriantha DC. Family ◮ Comp
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Bombax ceiba Linn. See Salmalia mal
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Action ◮ Gum-resin—antiseptic,
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The oil gave brassino steroid—bra
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Habitat ◮ Native to Mexico; grown
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Bupleurum flacutum Linn. Family ◮
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Caccinia crassifolia O. Kuntze. Syn
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Action ◮ Root—astringent and an
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The plant is used in convulsions an
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treatment of genitourinary and vene
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Unani ◮ Chaai, Shaahi, Shaayi. Si
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Action ◮ Anticonvulsant, CNS depr
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Capparis zeylanica Linn. Synonym
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Folk ◮ Karalli, Kierpa. Varanga (
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exhibited anti-tubercular activity,
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Also found wild in the North Himala
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ubbed on to the skin to cure ringwo
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Action ◮ An adulterant of the tru
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Siddha/Tamil ◮ Erumaikkottan. Act
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Family ◮ Meliaceae. Habitat ◮ S
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with pentobarbital. The seed extrac
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Boiled leaves are eaten for urinary
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Dosage ◮ Whole plant—10- 20 ml
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Habitat ◮ Native to South Europe,
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Action ◮ Tuber—nervine and gene
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The flowers contain daucosterol, cu
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albino rats. The cholagogue activit
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Key application ◮ Externally in c
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Key application ◮ As antibacteria
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Cucurbitacins include cucurbitacin
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Siddha/Tamil ◮ Periya elumuchhai.
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For drug interactions with grapefru
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Action ◮ Seed—carminative, anti
Page 338:
Habitat ◮ Ashrubdistributed throu
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and South India) is known as Parwat
Page 346:
might lower hepatic glucose product
Page 350:
showed amoebicidal activity against
Page 354:
Conium maculatum Linn. Family ◮ U
Page 358:
in debility, convalescence, intermi
Page 362:
of the plant is applied as a paste
Page 366:
The powdered rhizome of Corydalis p
Page 370:
Action ◮ Coronary vasodilator (st
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Siddha/Tamil ◮ Kumgumappoo (dried
Page 378:
toxic. Crotin, a toxic albuminous s
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Habitat ◮ Cultivated throughout I
Page 386:
menopausal cramps, leg-cramps. Esse
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Dosage ◮ Rhizome—1-3 g powder.
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Curcumenol and curdione are shown t
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externally for scalds, ulcers and b
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Family ◮ Poaceae. Habitat ◮ War
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Cyperus rotundus Linn. Family ◮ C
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period of decreased vascular tensio
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D 200 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Fol
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D 202 Datisca cannabina Linn. Actio
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D 204 Daucus carota Linn. var. sati
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D 206 Delphinium brunonianum Royle.
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D 208 Delphinium zalil Aitch. & Hem
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D 210 Desmodium gangeticum DC. Acti
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D 212 Dichroa febrifuga Lour. It ha
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D 214 Digitalis purpurea Linn. Habi
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D 216 Dioscorea daemona Roxb. Famil
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D 218 Diospyros ebenum Koenig. The
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D 220 Diospyros tomentosa Roxb. Hab
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D 222 Dolichos biflorus Linn. Dolic
Page 462:
D 224 Doronicum pardalianches Linn.
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D 226 Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.)
Page 470:
D 228 Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook
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230 Echinochloa frumentacea Link. E
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232 Eichhornia crassipes Solms Laub
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234 Elephantopus scaber Linn. E Fam
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236 Eleusine indica Gaertin. E Eleu
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238 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. E E
Page 494:
240 Entada scandens auct. non-Benth
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242 Erigeron canadensis Linn. E int
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244 Ervataemia coronaria staff. E F
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246 Erythrina stricta Roxb. E porte
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248 Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.)C.E.H
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250 Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl. E
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252 Euphorbia hypericifolia auct. n
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254 Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. E Do
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256 Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. E Ev
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Fagonia cretica Linn. Synonym ◮ F
Page 534:
Feijoa sellowiana Berg. Synonym ◮
Page 538:
dose of 0.6 mg/kg in rats by oral a
Page 542:
ought about by a double dose of ins
Page 546:
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of Indi
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Ficus religiosa Linn. Family ◮ Mo
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Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb. Family
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Habitat ◮ Indigenous to the coast
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The seed oil contains myristic 4.2,
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G 278 Garcinia cowa Roxb. ginol. Th
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G 280 Garcinia morella (Gaertn) Des
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G 282 Gardenia resinifera Roth. Hab
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G 284 Geophila repens (Linn.)I.M.Jo
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G 286 Ginkgo biloba Linn. Action
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G 288 Glossocardia bosvallia DC. Ha
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G 290 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Action
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G 292 Gnida glauca (Fresen.) Gilg.
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G 294 Grangea maderaspatana Poir. H
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G 296 Grewia villosa Willd. Habitat
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G 298 Gymnema sylvestre B. Br. Gymn
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G 300 Gynura pseudo-china (L.) DC.
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H 302 Hardwickia binata Roxb. A clo
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H 304 Hedyotis corymbosa (Linn.) La
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H 306 Helleborus niger Linn. Helleb
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H 308 Herniaria glabra Linn. Furano
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H 310 Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Eng
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H 312 Hiptage benghalensis Kurz. Th
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H 314 Homonoia riparia Lour. Homono
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H 316 Hura crepitans Linn. spasmodi
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H 318 Hymenodictyon excelsum Wall.
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H 320 Hyptis suaveolens (Linn.) Poi
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Iberis amara Linn. Family ◮ Cruci
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Illicium verum Hook. f. Family ◮
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Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC
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Folk ◮ Vana-methi. Action ◮ Ast
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and 3,5-dicaffoylquinic acids have
Page 674:
Ipomoea nil (Linn.) Roth Synonym
Page 678:
esin is the active principle, it co
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Habitat ◮ The Himalayas from Garh
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flavonoids—rutin and kaempferol-
Page 690:
342 Jasminum auriculatum Vahl. J Fo
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344 Jasminum rottlerianum Wall. ex
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346 Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. J L
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348 Juniperus communis Linn. var. s
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350 Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. J
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K 352 Kalanchoe integra (Medic.) Ku
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K 354 Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC. K
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K 356 Kyllinga triceps Rottb. Prade
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358 Lactuca virosa Linn. L none (fr
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360 Lallemantia royleana Roxb. L Fo
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362 Lantana camara Linn. var. acule
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364 Launaea mucronata (Forsk.) Musc
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366 Lawsonia inermis Linn. L The le
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368 Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R. B
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370 Lepidium sativum Linn. L Habita
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372 Leucas aspera Spreng. L leuceno
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374 Lilium polyphyllum D. Don. L Li
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376 Limonia crenulata Roxb. L known
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378 Lippia geminata H. B. & K. L Li
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380 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B.
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382 Lobelia leschenaultina (Persl)
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384 Loranthus pentandrus Linn. L Ay
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386 Luvunga eleutherandra Dalz in p
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388 Lycopus europaeus Linn. L The p
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Maba nigrescens Dalz. & Gibs. Famil
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Maerua arenaria Hook. f. & Thoms. S
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of a number of Gram-positive and Gr
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one, taraxerol, friedelin, lupeol a
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M. hamiltonii Wight (sub-Himalayan
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mortality rate produced by picrotox
Page 810:
E.) Like cajeput oil, the principal
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Action ◮ Plant—astringent, disc
Page 818:
Psychiatry, 74, 2003; Natural Medic
Page 822:
stimulative effect on CNS of mice.
Page 826:
is used as a mouthwash; leaves are
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is used as a bitter tonic in fevers
Page 834:
The methanolic extract of the root
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een reported. Saponins isolated fro
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English ◮ Bitter Gourd, Blsam Pea
Page 846:
Habitat ◮ Throughout India in pon
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Dosage ◮ Leaf—10-20 ml. juice.
Page 854:
perprolactinemia frequently face im
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An anti-ulcerogenic acylsterylglyco
Page 862:
The hexane extract contains myristi
Page 866:
Myrtol, a fraction of myrtenol, is
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N 434 Naregamia alata Wight & Arn.
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N 436 Nepeta cataria Linn. glycosid
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N 438 Nervilia aragoana Gaudich. Ke
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N 440 Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees)
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N 442 Nymphaea stellata Willd. Nymp
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O 444 Ocimum canum Sims. Ayurvedic
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O 446 Ocimum viride Willd. dundubhi
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O 448 Oldenlandia umbellata Linn. O
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O 450 Ophioglossum vulgatum Linn. R
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O 452 Orchis latifolia Linn. Englis
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O 454 Orthosiphon grandiflorus Bold
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O 456 Osmunda regalis Linn. Osmunda
Page 918:
O 458 Oxystelma secamone (Linn.) Ka
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460 Panax pseudoginseng Wall. P ant
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462 Papaver rhoeas L. P The seedlin
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464 Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach. P
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466 Passiflora incarnata Linn. P Pa
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468 Pavetta indica Linn. P The root
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470 Peganum harmala Linn. P drug ph
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472 Pergularia extensa N. E. Br. P
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474 Persea americana Mill. P Action
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476 Peucedanum grande C. B. Clarke.
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478 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees
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480 Phragmites communis Trin. P Ayu
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482 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Lin
Page 970:
484 Physochlaina praealta Miers. P
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486 Picrorhiza scrophulariaeflora P
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488 Pinus gerardiana Wall. P Ayurve
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490 Piper chaba Hunter non-Blume. P
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492 Piper nigrum Linn. P used for e
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494 Pisonia grandis R. Br. P Action
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496 Pithecellobium dulce Benth. P P
Page 998:
498 Plantago major Linn. P Plantago
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500 Plesmonium margaritiferum Schot
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502 Plumeria acuminata Ait. P and r
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504 Pogostemon benghalensis Kuntze.
Page 1014:
506 Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam. P as
Page 1018:
508 Polygonatum multiflorum All. P
Page 1022:
510 Polygonum hydropiper Linn. P Po
Page 1026:
512 Populus alba Linn. P internally
Page 1030:
514 Portulaca tuberosa Roxb. P Habi
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516 Premna integrifolia Linn. P Act
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518 Prosopis spicigera Linn. P Habi
Page 1042:
520 Prunus cerasoides D. Don. P tra
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522 Pseudarthria viscida Wt. & Arn.
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524 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. P A
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526 Pterospermum canescens Roxb. P
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528 Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. P c
Page 1062:
530 Pyrus communis Linn. P Action
Page 1066:
Q 532 Quercus infectoria Oliv. Acti
Page 1070:
Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) K. S
Page 1074:
causes inflammation of the digestiv
Page 1078:
sinus tachycardia, anxiety, tension
Page 1082:
Remusatia vivipara Schott. Family
Page 1086:
spleen. (Purgative action not found
Page 1090:
antiseptic. Used for indigestion, d
Page 1094:
stems and bark cause hypotension in
Page 1098:
Habitat ◮ Mediterranean region. E
Page 1102:
The anthocyanosides are reportedly
Page 1106:
A betaxanthin, humilixanthin, has b
Page 1110:
Ayurvedic ◮ Taruni-Kantaka (noncl
Page 1114:
phenyl ethyl alcohol 3-9, eugenol 1
Page 1118:
Folk ◮ Kal-vidhaaraa, Vaakeri (Ma
Page 1122:
eta-sitosterol; leaves gave torment
Page 1126:
The leaves contain 30 mg/100 g asco
Page 1130:
Rungia repens Nees. Family ◮ Acan
Page 1134:
Saccharum munja Roxb. Synonym ◮ S
Page 1138:
Sagittaria trifolia Linn. Synonym
Page 1142:
heumatic ailments. (German Commissi
Page 1146:
The bark contains 8.2%-8.8% tannin
Page 1150:
oil applied locally on rheumatic sw
Page 1154:
poultices, hair tonics and hair dre
Page 1158:
Sanicula europaea Linn. Family ◮
Page 1162:
Ayurvedic ◮ Arishtaka, Phenila, R
Page 1166:
Folk ◮ Bhedeli (Assam). Action
Page 1170:
Family ◮ Lauraceae. Habitat ◮ C
Page 1174:
cough, chronic rheumatism, skin dis
Page 1178:
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Sy
Page 1182:
Scirpus articulatus Linn. Family
Page 1186:
Flavonoids occurring in the leaves
Page 1190:
is comparatively less toxic. It is
Page 1194:
The roots gave coumarins, angelicin
Page 1198:
Habitat ◮ Southeastern North Amer
Page 1202:
The bark contains gum and tannin. T
Page 1206:
The bark contains 7-12, young leave
Page 1210:
Proteins, linoleic, malvlic and ste
Page 1214:
Silymarin has been used successfull
Page 1218:
Astilbin, 3-O-caffeoyl-shikimic, fe
Page 1222:
Key application ◮ As a supportive
Page 1226:
Action ◮ Fruit—recommended in l
Page 1230:
Habitat ◮ Native to South America
Page 1234:
English ◮ Milk Thistle (a confusi
Page 1238:
Included among unapproved herbs by
Page 1242:
(Mahamundi, Mahaa-shraavani is equa
Page 1246:
Action ◮ Fruits, leaves, bark—
Page 1250:
and hyndarine sedative activity. Te
Page 1254:
pachol, dehydro-alpha-lapachone and
Page 1258:
Strychnos ignatii Bergius. Family
Page 1262:
Styrax benzoin Dry. Family ◮ Styr
Page 1266:
Action ◮ A substitute for S. chir
Page 1270:
Habitat ◮ The Himalayas from Kash
Page 1274:
ties to the buds. Eugenol, a major
Page 1278:
Syzygium jambos (Linn.) Alston. Syn
Page 1282:
Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) W
Page 1286:
English ◮ Big Marigold, Aztec or
Page 1290:
Ayurvedic ◮ Maachikaa (related sp
Page 1294:
Ayurvedic ◮ Dugdh-pheni, Luutaari
Page 1298:
Action ◮ Leaves—hypoglycaemic (
Page 1302:
not show any such effect. The juice
Page 1306:
Page 1310:
Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck & Muel
Page 1314:
Teucrium chamaedrys Linn. Family
Page 1318:
Thespesia populnea Soland. ex Corre
Page 1322:
English ◮ Mother-of-thyme, Wild T
Page 1326:
alloxan diabetic rats. (Phytother R
Page 1330:
and several indole alkaloids from t
Page 1334:
Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Synonym ◮ T
Page 1338:
Unani ◮ Biskhaparaa. Siddha ◮ S
Page 1342:
Folk ◮ Hetenuriyaa, Jalasirasa. J
Page 1346:
Siddha ◮ Kommu Patolia. Action
Page 1350:
Siddha/Tamil ◮ Vendhayam. Action
Page 1354:
Sensitivity to gluten has also been
Page 1358:
Key application ◮ In acute catarr
Page 1362:
Folk ◮ Gondapateraa. Action ◮ R
Page 1366:
U 684 Uraria alopecuroides Wight. o
Page 1370:
U 686 Urtica dioica Linn. Unani ◮
Page 1374:
U 688 Usnea longissima Ach. Habitat
Page 1378:
Vaccaria pyramidata (L.) Medik. Syn
Page 1382:
Action ◮ Tranquillizer, hypnotic,
Page 1386:
The seed oil contains palmitic, ole
Page 1390:
Page 1394:
Key application ◮ In catarrh of t
Page 1398:
The plant gave iridoid glycosides i
Page 1402:
Habitat ◮ Native to eastern and c
Page 1406:
in vincamine; others include vinic,
Page 1410:
uised and applied to ulcers; also p
Page 1414:
Action ◮ Properties more or less
Page 1418:
eta-sitosterol and p-hydroxybenzoic
Page 1422:
Tricholepis procumbens Wight. Amber
Page 1426:
W 716 Wedelia biflora DC. The plant
Page 1430:
W 718 Withania ashwagandha Kaul (cu
Page 1434:
W 720 Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. In
Page 1438:
Xanthium strumariumLinn. Synonym
Page 1442:
Folk ◮ Saanthu, Kalpottan (Kerala
Page 1446:
Y 728 Yucca gloriosa Linn. Oxycanth
Page 1450:
730 Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Z Folk
Page 1454:
732 Zataria multiflora Boiss. Z Fam
Page 1458:
734 Zingiber zerumbet Rosc. ex.Sm.
Page 1462:
736 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Z abscess
Page 1466:
738 Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Z Ha
Page 1470:
Abbreviations Appendix 5-HT 5-hydro
Page 1474:
min Minimum min Minute(s) ml Millil
Page 1478:
746 Appendix Following explanation
Page 1482:
748 Appendix PLANT DRUG ACCEPTED SO
Page 1486:
750 Appendix BOTANICAL NAME Asparag
Page 1490:
752 Appendix BOTANICAL NAME COMMON
Page 1494:
754 Appendix BOTANICAL NAME Oligoch
Page 1498:
756 Appendix BOTANICAL NAME Rubia t
Page 1502:
Standardized Extracts of Indian Her
Page 1506:
Appendix 761 Botanical name/ Part u
Page 1510:
Botanical name/ Part used Common us
Page 1514:
Botanical name/ Part used Common us
Page 1518:
Botanical name/ Part used Trikatu:D
Page 1522:
Botanical name/ Part used Common na
Page 1526:
772 Appendix HerbMed: http://www.he
Page 1530:
774 Bibliography Indian Herbal Phar
Page 1534:
About the Author C.P. Khare C. P. K
Page 1538:
778 Index Acorus gramineus 16 Actae
Page 1542:
780 Index Apium graveolens 56 Apium
Page 1546:
782 Index Breynia patens 101 Breyni
Page 1550:
784 Index Chrozophora plicata 144 C
Page 1554:
786 Index Cyclea peltata 190 Cyclos
Page 1558:
788 Index Ehretia obtusifolia 231 E
Page 1562:
790 Index Fraxinus hookery 272 Frax
Page 1566:
792 Index Hippophae rhamnoides 311
Page 1570:
794 Index Kalanchoe spathulata 352
Page 1574:
796 Index Luvunga eleutherandra 386
Page 1578:
798 Index Myrica nagi 428 Myristica
Page 1582:
800 Index Pentatropis microphylla 4
Page 1586:
802 Index Polypodium quercifolium 2
Page 1590:
804 Index Rosa moschata 556 Rosa mu
Page 1594:
806 Index Selaginella rupestris 595
Page 1598:
808 Index Symplocos racemosa 635 Sy
Page 1602:
810 Index Tylophora fasciculata 679
Page 1606:
812 Index Xyris commplanata 725 Xyr
Page 1610:
Aconitum heterophyllum dried rhizom
Page 1614:
Anethum sowa seeds (Himalaya) Aquil
Page 1618: Bergenia ligulata rhizome (PLIM) Bo
Page 1622: Carum carvi fruit (PLIM) Cassia ang
Page 1626: Cissampelos pareira root (PLIM) Col
Page 1630: Cyperus rotundus rhizome (Dabur) Da
Page 1634: Emblica officinalis dried fruit (Da
Page 1638: Hemidesmus indicus root (WHO/PLIM)
Page 1642: Lactuca serriola seed (Himalaya) La
Page 1646: Mucuna pruriens seed (Hamdard) Myri
Page 1650: Piper longum fruit (Dabur) Piper lo
Page 1654: Pterocarpus santalinus heartwood (D
Page 1658: Sapindus mukorossi seed (Dabur) Sau
Page 1662: Strychnos nux-vomica seed (Dabur) S
Page 1666: Triticum sativum seed (Himalaya) Ur
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Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary

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