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Evergreen Needles biology METRICS · Douglas fir trees within a “closed-canopy”, or typical forest canopy, intercept an average of 26% of rainfall (Bixby, 2011). · The interception rate of a stand-alone Douglas fir, with more needles available for the raindrops to strike, averages at 31% (Bixby, 2011). · White pines, 60 years or older, intercept 3 times as much rainfall as mixed hardwood trees (Swank, 1968). Photograph courtesy of Pippalou, 2013 Lesson for the Built Environment How can a building mimic evergreen needles by dividing, splashing, and holding onto rain droplets as they fall on the site? BIOLOGY Northwest forests are characterized by evergreens. Douglas fir are among the most common, and several species of pine, including the Lodgepole and White Bark Pines, are found in dry areas. One shared attribute of these trees is their needle-like leaves. Needles slow the path of raindrops by breaking them into smaller droplets, increasing opportunities for evaporation. When aggregated, needles also provide substantial surface area for droplets to suspend from. The water’s surface tension causes them to cling to the needles, increasing evaporation time. FUNCTION: SPLITTING & SUSPENDING DROPS Image by Alexandra Ramsden, 2016 28 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED FROM PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS
Evergreen Needles Wire Sculpture inspiration Photograph courtesy of Bs0u10e01, 2012 Photograph courtesy of Janelle, 2004 What existing strategies can be modified? · Canopies/awnings · Rooftop sculptures · Amenity area screens · Landscape features · Mechanical enclosures Forest Structure Textured Flora Evergreen Needles Conifer Cones Leaves Bark Moss Mycorrhizae Photograph courtesy of Arnoldius, 2011 Northwest Forest \ DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED FROM PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS seedkit 29
Page 2 and 3: What can our cities become? Illustr
Page 4 and 5: “Look deep into nature, and then
Page 6 and 7: iomimicry How does nature do what i
Page 8 and 9: 8 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED F
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Page 12 and 13: To be determined 2025 Graphic court
Page 14 and 15: 14 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED
Page 16 and 17: Forest Structure Textured Flora Eve
Page 18 and 19: DESIGN CONCEPTS The design ideas on
Page 20 and 21: Forest Structure biology METRICS ·
Page 22 and 23: Forest Structure Cascading Shading
Page 24 and 25: Textured Flora biology METRICS · L
Page 26 and 27: Textured Flora Meandering Downspout
Page 30 and 31: Evergreen Needles Wire Sculpture ap
Page 32 and 33: Conifer Cones biology METRICS · Ab
Page 34 and 35: Conifer Cones Moisture Responsive C
Page 36 and 37: Leaves biology METRICS · Worldwide
Page 38 and 39: Leaves Flapping Fabric application
Page 40 and 41: Bark biology METRICS · An old Doug
Page 42 and 43: Bark Textured Rainscreen (Building
Page 44 and 45: Moss biology METRICS · There are a
Page 46 and 47: Moss Absorbent Rainscreen applicati
Page 48 and 49: Mycorrhizae biology METRICS · 90%
Page 50 and 51: Mycorrhizae Smart Water Systems app
Page 52 and 53: Northwest Forest biology METRICS ·
Page 54 and 55: Northwest Forest Watershed Office B
Page 56 and 57: END NOTES 2030 District-Seattle,
Page 58 and 59: CropsReview.com, “Types of Transp
Page 60 and 61: JustAnother, “Concreteblocks,”
Page 62 and 63: Schwen, Daniel, “Seattle Skyline
Page 64 and 65: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study owes a
Page 66: For additional information, Please

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