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Leaves biology METRICS · Worldwide, transpiration accounts for 10% of the moisture in the air (USGS, 2016). · Leaves release many times their weight in moisture during the growing season. A mature oak tree can transpire 40,000 ga/year (USGS, 2016). · Leaves may have up to 400 stomata/mm 2 , openings typically on the underside of the leaf to reduce water loss (Plant & Soil Sciences, 2017). Photograph courtesy of Takashi Hososhima, 2012 Lesson for the Built Environment How can a building mimic the forest’s leaves, releasing water from its cladding after the water has been used? BIOLOGY Only a small amount of water that moves through a plant is used and retained by the plant itself. Nearly 99% of that water returns to the atmosphere (NOAA, 2010). This transpiration process reduces the amount of water saturating the soil, and it also returns moisture to the air, allowing it to be precipitated in other areas. During transpiration, water is pulled up into the leaves through the xylem from other parts of the plant or from the soil. 95% of transpiration occurs through pores, or stomata, on the leaf which open and close depending on weather and plant conditions (Crops Review, 2016). Stomata are present in the needles of evergreens as well as in the leaves of deciduous plants. Environmental conditions and plant species generate differences in transpiration rates. Waxy leaves, for example, allow less water to pass through them than do non-waxy leaves (Crops Review, 2016). LEAF CROSS SECTION Image courtesy of World Book Encyclopedia, 1979 36 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED FROM PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS
Leaves Flapping Fabric inspiration Photograph courtesy of Majonaise, 2004 Photograph courtesy of Ωmega, 2009 Photograph courtesy of Morris Pearl, 2005 What existing strategies can be modified? · Banners & flags · Fabric wrapped walls · Fabric canopies Forest Structure Textured Flora Evergreen Needles Conifer Cones Leaves Bark Moss Mycorrhizae Photograph courtesy of timquijano, 2011 Northwest Forest \ DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED FROM PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS seedkit 37
Page 2 and 3: What can our cities become? Illustr
Page 4 and 5: “Look deep into nature, and then
Page 6 and 7: iomimicry How does nature do what i
Page 8 and 9: 8 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED F
Page 10 and 11: 10 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED
Page 12 and 13: To be determined 2025 Graphic court
Page 14 and 15: 14 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED
Page 16 and 17: Forest Structure Textured Flora Eve
Page 18 and 19: DESIGN CONCEPTS The design ideas on
Page 20 and 21: Forest Structure biology METRICS ·
Page 22 and 23: Forest Structure Cascading Shading
Page 24 and 25: Textured Flora biology METRICS · L
Page 26 and 27: Textured Flora Meandering Downspout
Page 28 and 29: Evergreen Needles biology METRICS
Page 30 and 31: Evergreen Needles Wire Sculpture ap
Page 32 and 33: Conifer Cones biology METRICS · Ab
Page 34 and 35: Conifer Cones Moisture Responsive C
Page 38 and 39: Leaves Flapping Fabric application
Page 40 and 41: Bark biology METRICS · An old Doug
Page 42 and 43: Bark Textured Rainscreen (Building
Page 44 and 45: Moss biology METRICS · There are a
Page 46 and 47: Moss Absorbent Rainscreen applicati
Page 48 and 49: Mycorrhizae biology METRICS · 90%
Page 50 and 51: Mycorrhizae Smart Water Systems app
Page 52 and 53: Northwest Forest biology METRICS ·
Page 54 and 55: Northwest Forest Watershed Office B
Page 56 and 57: END NOTES 2030 District-Seattle,
Page 58 and 59: CropsReview.com, “Types of Transp
Page 60 and 61: JustAnother, “Concreteblocks,”
Page 62 and 63: Schwen, Daniel, “Seattle Skyline
Page 64 and 65: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study owes a
Page 66: For additional information, Please

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