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Conifer Cones biology METRICS · About 86 percent of Washington’s forests (19 million acres) are softwood conifer forest types (Campbell et al., 2010). · These conifers include four types: Douglas-fir, fir/spruce/mountain hemlock, western hemlock/sitka spruce, and ponderosa pine (Campbell et al., 2010). Lesson for the Built Environment Photograph courtesy of Pippalou, 2014 How can buildings mimic conifer cones by responding to moisture in order to slow, pool and/or make better use of the water which falls on a site? BIOLOGY Cones, pine and evergreen, are plentiful in Pacific Northwest forests. In order to protect and release their seeds at the right time, cones open and close. This action is prompted by the level of moisture in the air. Each spine of a pine cone is made up of two layers, and each of those layers is structurally different. When it gets wet, the spines’ outer layers elongate more than the inner layers, and the spines close in on themselves, narrowing the shape of the entire cone (Chen, 2015). Because of this, pine cones are seen as indicators of forest fire potential. If the cones on a forest floor are all open, it means the forest is dry and the fire danger is high. DRY WET FUNCTION: DYNAMIC RESPONSE TO MOISTURE Photographs courtesy of Fieryn, 2005, Wunee, 2014 32 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED FROM PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS
Conifer Cones Moisture Responsive Cladding inspiration Photograph courtesy of Eleckhh, 2010 Photo courtesy of Hans, 2012 Photograph courtesy of NordNordWest, 2013 What existing strategies can be modified? · Facades which respond to sunlight— via apertures, opening and closing shades, or by growing algae (!). · Canopies which respond to wind providing different degrees of shading. Forest Structure Textured Flora Evergreen Needles Conifer Cones Leaves Bark Moss Mycorrhizae Photograph courtesy of Dalbera, 2008 Northwest Forest \ DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED FROM PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS seedkit 33
Page 2 and 3: What can our cities become? Illustr
Page 4 and 5: “Look deep into nature, and then
Page 6 and 7: iomimicry How does nature do what i
Page 8 and 9: 8 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED F
Page 10 and 11: 10 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED
Page 12 and 13: To be determined 2025 Graphic court
Page 14 and 15: 14 seedkit DESIGN CONCEPTS LEARNED
Page 16 and 17: Forest Structure Textured Flora Eve
Page 18 and 19: DESIGN CONCEPTS The design ideas on
Page 20 and 21: Forest Structure biology METRICS ·
Page 22 and 23: Forest Structure Cascading Shading
Page 24 and 25: Textured Flora biology METRICS · L
Page 26 and 27: Textured Flora Meandering Downspout
Page 28 and 29: Evergreen Needles biology METRICS
Page 30 and 31: Evergreen Needles Wire Sculpture ap
Page 34 and 35: Conifer Cones Moisture Responsive C
Page 36 and 37: Leaves biology METRICS · Worldwide
Page 38 and 39: Leaves Flapping Fabric application
Page 40 and 41: Bark biology METRICS · An old Doug
Page 42 and 43: Bark Textured Rainscreen (Building
Page 44 and 45: Moss biology METRICS · There are a
Page 46 and 47: Moss Absorbent Rainscreen applicati
Page 48 and 49: Mycorrhizae biology METRICS · 90%
Page 50 and 51: Mycorrhizae Smart Water Systems app
Page 52 and 53: Northwest Forest biology METRICS ·
Page 54 and 55: Northwest Forest Watershed Office B
Page 56 and 57: END NOTES 2030 District-Seattle,
Page 58 and 59: CropsReview.com, “Types of Transp
Page 60 and 61: JustAnother, “Concreteblocks,”
Page 62 and 63: Schwen, Daniel, “Seattle Skyline
Page 64 and 65: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study owes a
Page 66: For additional information, Please

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