SOYBEAN RESEARCH

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kind of environment and dominated by tribal communities. Apart from these benefits, the crop residues also improve soil nutritional status. The incorporation of vegetable soybean biomass increased soil nitrogen by 129 kg per ha, potassium by 21 kg per ha and organic carbon by 0.09 per cent (Ravishankar et al., 2015). There is an opportunity to create value-added products from vegetable soybean similar to the traditional roasted mung dhal. The ICAR research center has started working in this area. Dried vegetable soybean is a popular international snack food, and its quality has received considerable attention from processors and consumers (Huang et al., 2014). Exporting frozen cooked vegetable soybean is possible if production quantities could be substantially increased. Vegetable soybean, or edamame, is a popular traditional snack food in Japan, the world‘s largest importer of the crop. However, good market prices depend on freshness and quality to meet the high standards of the Japanese market (Takahashi and Ohyama, 2011). Owing to its nutritional benefits the crop is also gaining popularity in Europe and the USA. Challenges Seed production and supply is a major challenge for the expansion of vegetable soybean. The current seed cost is about INR 150 per kg, which deters new farmers to take up this crop as it is too expensive compared to other pulses. Germination rates rapidly decline as seed ages, so enhancing the germination rate as well as increasing resistance to soilborne pathogens would help improve crop establishment. Ensuring proper storage of seeds is also critical to maintain good germination rates. Greater awareness is needed among consumers to establish a market for this crop beyond household-level consumption and local Village markets. To ensure a year-round supply, local cold storage facilities must be established to store fresh pods for distribution based on market demand. Consumers should be made aware of the health benefits of consuming vegetable soybean. There is also a need to convince policy makers to promote this crop as part of programs to address malnutrition. Potential expansion in other states in India With the suitability of the soils in these regions for soybean cultivation and farmers‘ familiarity with the crop, there is enormous potential for the expansion of vegetable soybean in India. Field trials of 16 lines of vegetable soybean were conducted in Hyderabad and Jharkhand in 2012. A combined analysis of variance across the two environments was performed to test the significance of environment (E), lines (L) and environment x line (EL) interactions considering environment as random and line as fixed using the SAS MIXED procedure (SAS V9.4; SAS Institute Inc., 2015). Individual environment residuals were modeled into a combined analysis using the REML technique and variance components were estimated. BLUP‘s (Best Linear Unbiased Predictors) for lines for each environment were 8
estimated using combined analysis. Significant line x environment interaction was observed for all the traits. The data showed the need to develop lines suited to each environment (Table 2). Table 2. Performance of vegetable soybean lines in Hyderabad and Jharkhand, India during 2012 Line Days to flowering Pods (No/ plant) Pod yield (g/plant) Seed yield (g/plant) 100 seed weight (g) Hyd Jhd Hyd Jhd Hyd Jhd Hyd Jhd Hyd Jhd AGS 292 26.0 32.9 10.2 34.0 20.3 77.5 6.9 38.2 33.1 58.1 AGS 329 26.7 32.1 9.0 33.3 15.8 56.3 3.8 29.4 29.4 62.5 AGS 338 30.0 35.6 6.3 42.2 11.3 71.6 2.5 39.8 23.5 49.3 AGS 339 27.0 32.3 10.8 34.2 17.5 72.1 4.5 33.6 32.0 57.1 AGS 406 28.7 35.3 24.4 55.6 47.5 100.4 13.5 50.1 32.3 54.3 AGS 447 27.3 30.1 11.8 36.3 29.7 78.1 7.5 36.9 33.6 61.4 AGS 456 27.0 31.1 12.2 40.6 32.5 102.1 11.8 58.6 34.5 67.9 AGS 457 26.6 30.1 12.9 52.3 31.0 107.9 7.0 51.0 30.9 66.2 AGS 458 27.0 30.7 14.2 60.6 37.3 128.6 12.1 60.4 34.0 73.6 AGS 459 30.3 33.8 19.4 67.7 39.4 125.1 10.0 63.5 33.9 59.4 AGS 460 32.0 35.1 14.8 38.8 31.6 83.5 6.3 40.6 31.9 54.4 AGS 461 29.0 33.1 13.7 39.3 30.9 89.9 10.9 42.5 35.2 76.2 AGS 610 30.3 33.8 22.1 48.5 50.2 92.4 12.9 43.7 29.3 53.0 GC 84501-32-1 35.1 45.5 55.1 148.4 44.4 102.1 15.2 57.6 13.1 22.6 Harit Soya* 34.4 44.1 33.9 70.8 35.7 69.3 17.5 37.3 15.7 28.1 Swarna 36.1 48.4 25.1 78.7 52.9 143.4 12.5 73.6 31.2 46.3 Vasundhara *grain soybean line One of the strategies to promote the crop is to create awareness among grain soybean farmers in the major soybean growing states such as Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan to grow vegetable soybean as a niche crop. For example, in Maharashtra, the World Vegetable Center has initiated vegetable soybean production in collaboration with a progressive farmer in Latur district. The farmer has now formed a cooperative farmer group to expand vegetable soybean seed production to cover the whole state. The need for creating markets for the crop in India by linking famers to food chain outlets and diversifying food products developed from vegetable soybean will help increase demand. During 2012, a taste test survey was conducted in Hyderabad on the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) campus involving 25 participants. Friedman‘s non-parametric test (Friedman, 1937) was performed using chi-square statistics to test the significance of the rankings for each line (Table 3). ‗Swarna Vasundhara‘ received the highest overall ranking 9
Page 1 and 2: ISSN 0973-1830 Volume 14, Number 2
Page 3 and 4: SOYBEAN RESEARCH ISSN 0973-1830 Vol
Page 5 and 6: Soybean Research 14(2): 01-13 (2016
Page 7 and 8: Table 1. Nutrient composition (valu
Page 9 and 10: 100-green seed weight (49.9 g) and
Page 11: Training was provided through NGO p
Page 15 and 16: AGS 447 and AGS 457 in a taste surv
Page 17 and 18: Takahashi Y and Ohyama T. 2011. Pro
Page 19 and 20: eached to about 81,4435 ha in 2013
Page 21 and 22: 2. Soybean seeds were sown in both
Page 23 and 24: Table 1. Effect of ridge width, cro
Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Effect of ridge width, cro
Page 27 and 28: and seed yields per ha were affecte
Page 29 and 30: number of branches per plant, pod a
Page 31 and 32: cv. Giza 35 to increase dry matter
Page 33 and 34: increased total and net returns com
Page 35 and 36: Metwally A A. 1999. Intensive coppi
Page 37 and 38: (Salvagiotti et al., 2009). Biologi
Page 39 and 40: Table 1. Effect of land configurati
Page 41 and 42: increasing levels of nitrogen and t
Page 43 and 44: Soybean Research 14(2): 39-53 (2016
Page 45 and 46: conditions (Ruiz-Lozano et al., 200
Page 47 and 48: of 34 0 C and relative humidity 80
Page 49 and 50: Nodule N (%) Grain yield g/plant) N
Page 51 and 52: 140 120 100 Nodules/plant Nodule dr
Page 53 and 54: of AMF, which necessitates experime
Page 55 and 56: Biermann B and Linderman R G. 1981.
Page 57 and 58: Tabatabai M A and J M Bremner. 1969
Page 59 and 60: N:P 2O 5:K per ha (Patil and Purani
Page 61 and 62: available nitrogen content was reco
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lowest value in control (Table 2).
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the crop. These results corroborate
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Soybean Research 14(2): 63-76 (2016
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the use of a variety by any person
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objection is received, the variety
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Table 1 contd. S. No. Name of varie
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Table 2. DUS Characteristics of pro
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Table 2. Contd S. No. Varieties DUS
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and are easily available. The varie
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Table 2. Estimates of variability p
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Table 4. Phenotypic path coefficien
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Shivakumar M, Basavaraja G T, Salim
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available phosphorus (24.89 and 23.
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attributes may be the result of red
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productivity. This will help increa
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Growth rate The analysis on growth
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Table 5. Estimates of variability i
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Society for Soybean Research and De
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MS must be original and contribute
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Short research notes They should no
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