Chapter 3: Values and Morals:Guidelines for living - Psychological ...
Chapter 3: Values and Morals:Guidelines for living - Psychological ...
Chapter 3: Values and Morals:Guidelines for living - Psychological ...
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Women: 62% have a care focus; 38% have a justice focus; 23% have<br />
justice absent; 8% have care absent (92% have some care).<br />
One conclusion: if all our values are to be accurately represented in<br />
Congress <strong>and</strong> the legislatures, half of our representatives should be<br />
women. We need their emphasis on caring.<br />
Gilligan illustrates how males <strong>and</strong> females see the world<br />
differently, starting at an early age. Consider the moral dilemma<br />
mentioned above of the dying patient <strong>and</strong> the profit-making druggist.<br />
She quotes an 11-year-old male, Jake, who reasons that life is more<br />
important than profit, so the husb<strong>and</strong> should steal the medicine.<br />
However, an 11-year-old female, Amy, sees the problem as the<br />
druggist's lack of sensitivity to the dying patient's needs. She doesn't<br />
reason, as Jake does, in terms of the businessman's rights or the<br />
husb<strong>and</strong>'s moral obligation to steal. Amy simply concludes that the<br />
husb<strong>and</strong> shouldn't steal "because it's not right" <strong>and</strong> the wife shouldn't<br />
die either, so all three people will have to talk it over <strong>and</strong> reach an<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ing. Jake <strong>and</strong> Amy obviously think about the dilemma<br />
differently. Un<strong>for</strong>tunately, the male moral development theorists, like<br />
Kohlberg, would probably consider Amy's answer inferior to Jake's.<br />
Indeed, she almost sidesteps the examiner's question: "Should he<br />
steal the drug?" To her, that isn't the issue. Instead, she concentrates<br />
on finding better ways via relationships, not power, to get the drug.<br />
Gilligan, a female moral development theorist, considers both Jake's<br />
<strong>and</strong> Amy's views valuable. Jake relies on individual action (stealing) to<br />
avoid a personal confrontation. He sees the situation as an impersonal<br />
conflict of individual rights rather than a conflict of personal needs.<br />
Jake uses logic (life above profit) <strong>and</strong> the law (the judge will<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>) to decide who is right. Amy is less concerned than Jake<br />
with who is most right but seeks a practical solution that will hurt no<br />
one very much. Her solution depends on people relating <strong>and</strong> caring <strong>for</strong><br />
each other.<br />
Keep in mind that boys must gain their masculine identification by<br />
separating from mother, while girls attach <strong>and</strong> take on the<br />
characteristics of mother. Thus, <strong>for</strong> this reason <strong>and</strong> others, males may<br />
tend to see danger in connecting with others--in getting too close or<br />
too dependent on someone or in confronting someone. Doing battle in<br />
court is more a man's style. Females may see danger in disconnecting<br />
with others--in loneliness or successful advancement or rejection.<br />
Intimacy is scary to males but a source of security to females.<br />
Autonomy is scary to females but a source of pride to males. To males,<br />
human relationships are seen as a hierarchy based on power <strong>and</strong><br />
status; they want to climb to the top <strong>and</strong> feel afraid if others get too<br />
close to them (the sociobiologists point out the similarity of this view<br />
to the male struggle <strong>for</strong> sexual dominance in many species). Most men<br />
do not have an intimate relationship with a male nor an intimate non-<br />
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