Chapter 3: Values and Morals:Guidelines for living - Psychological ...
Chapter 3: Values and Morals:Guidelines for living - Psychological ...
Chapter 3: Values and Morals:Guidelines for living - Psychological ...
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via lectures or sermons. An example would be teaching about<br />
prejudice <strong>and</strong> discrimination through a "Brown-eyed, Blue-eyed<br />
experiment," as discussed in chapter 7. <strong>Values</strong> must be internalized,<br />
i.e. made part of your basic <strong>living</strong> philosophy or your core "self." This<br />
is usually done by having real life emotional experiences: concern <strong>for</strong><br />
the sick is learned as a volunteer in a hospital, concern <strong>for</strong> the poor is<br />
learned during a year in National Service in the inner city or on an<br />
Indian reservation, concern <strong>for</strong> migrant laborers is learned in the<br />
fields, concern <strong>for</strong> single mothers is learned babysitting in small<br />
shabby apartments, etc. But first you have to decide to have real<br />
experiences. This is based on certain values you tentatively believe in.<br />
Let's move on to selecting those values.<br />
It should be clear to you from Kohlberg's description of the higher<br />
stages that you can only be most moral if you have decided on <strong>and</strong><br />
dedicated yourself to a set of values: <strong>for</strong> instance, a commitment to<br />
democratic decision- making <strong>for</strong> stage 5 or to a fair, clear cut<br />
philosophy of life <strong>for</strong> stage 6. My objective here is to encourage you,<br />
even though you may not be over 40, to select some basic, guiding<br />
moral principles that you will actually use to guide your life, as<br />
described in stage 6.<br />
To give you some structure <strong>for</strong> deciding on your guiding principles,<br />
I will first provide you with three lists of major goals pursued by others<br />
around the world. These are some of the choices you have, i.e.<br />
philosophies, goals, principles, or means to an end you might value<br />
<strong>and</strong> follow. Table 3.1 lists 13 "ways of <strong>living</strong>" from many cultures<br />
(Morris, 1973). Table 3.2 lists 18 "ends" or objectives or outcomes to<br />
which you might devote your life (Rokeach, 1973). Table 3.3 lists 18<br />
"means," i.e. ways of being that are considered most moral <strong>and</strong> most<br />
likely to yield the "ends" you seek.<br />
Please don't rush through these lists as though they were just<br />
another cute little personality test in the Sunday supplement. They are<br />
the best lists of guiding principles available. Your serious consideration<br />
of each value is required because you must decide on your highest<br />
principles by weighing one against the other; otherwise, you are in<br />
danger of vaguely feeling a lot of goals or principles are acceptable<br />
<strong>and</strong>, thus, never really deciding what your highest <strong>and</strong> most worthy<br />
goals are. Since each value or philosophy of life takes you in a<br />
different direction, not deciding on your major reason(s) <strong>for</strong> being is<br />
the same as being unguided or morally lost. Go through the lists twice,<br />
first giving your initial reactions <strong>and</strong>, then, go back <strong>and</strong> make a final<br />
judgment about which "way" is most moral--the best way <strong>for</strong> you to be<br />
the best person you could possibly be. These decisions should <strong>for</strong>m the<br />
basic outline <strong>for</strong> your philosophy of life...an idealistic plan <strong>for</strong> your life.<br />
This is no trivial task. See Table below.<br />
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