How_It_Works_Issue_99_2017

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TECHNOLOGY HISTORY ENVIRONMENT Star forts Huge, multi-angled strongholds were built as an efective defence against cannon ire Concentric stone castles were becoming obsolete by the 15th century. Advancements in military engineering had created cannons capable of levelling stone battlements with ease. The solution was the star fort. First constructed in Italy, angled triangular bastions allowed defenders to provide covering ire from almost any angle with no ‘dead space’ for attackers to shelter in. The walls were made from brick, which was much more durable against cannon ire, and were sometimes several metres thick. Star forts were replicated across the world, and stood irm until the Napoleonic era, when explosive shells proved to be their undoing. Charles Fort How this 17th century Irish star fort helped defend the port of Kinsale Ammunition dump The gunpowder store had inner and outer walls to shield other buildings in case of an explosion. “Triangular bastions allowed for covering fire from almost any angle” Seaward defence The Devil’s and Charles’ bastions were key parts of a structure almost impregnable to naval attacks. Facilities The fort housed a garrison of up to 200 men and featured soldiers’ quarters, parade grounds, barracks, stables and even a hospital. Sentry towers The North, Cockpit and Flagstaff bastions had sentry points that guarded against the threat of inland assaults. Lombe’s silk mill The world’s irst mechanised factory that helped kick-start the Industrial Revolution in Britain Lombe’s Mill was a template for the factories that were built during the Industrial Revolution In the early 18th century, Italy led the way in silk production, with English machines paling in comparison to their technology. Thomas and John Lombe were two aspiring silk merchants from Norwich who wanted to learn the Italian trade secrets for themselves. In 1714, John travelled to Livorno to witness it for himself. Working at one of the silk shops, he was amazed to see the ibre being twisted and doubled by machines to form a multi-threaded yarn. Unbeknownst to the Italians, at night he sneaked into the shop and secretly made note of what he saw. John returned to Britain and immediately gained a patent for these advanced machines that could wind, spin and twist silk. The brothers’ spinning mill in Derby was a huge success and became the irst factory with a continuous production stream. The Lombe business, boosted by the new machines, went from strength to strength and the factory employed 300 workers at its peak. John Lombe died in 1722 from poison, which was reportedly given to him by a female agent sent over from Italy as revenge for stealing their trade secrets. © Alamy 048 | How It Works WWW.HOWITWORKSDAILY.COM
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