Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration

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The R-7 called a 'packet' design - an idea of Mikhail Tikhonravov dating to 1947 when he worked for NII-4. No fewer than 20 engines fired at liftoff. Work began on this project over 1950-3. The new rocket required a new cosmodrome. Kapustin Yar was too close to American listening bases in Turkey. A new site was selected at Tyuratam, north of a
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Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploratio
Page 6: Brian Harvey 2 Rathdown Crescent Te
Page 10: 3 Planning the lunar landing 45 Vos
Page 14: 8 Return to the moon 287 After N-l:
Page 18: Prologue Siberia, summer of 1976. N
Page 22: Although the United States Apollo p
Page 26: The 8K78 71 The Ye-6 lander 73 Dish
Page 30: Lunokhod returns to landing stage 2
Page 34: Abbreviations and acronyms AIS Auto
Page 38: 1 Origins of the Soviet lunar progr
Page 42: Sergei Korolev, Mstislav Keldysh Wi
Page 46: Introducing the father of the Sovie
Page 50: On rocket research into the upper l
Page 54: pad for the returning spacecraft. H
Page 60: end in the Syr Darya river, deep in
Page 64: 2 The first moon probes Sputnik cha
Page 68: The first Sputnik made a deep impac
Page 72: An upper stage: enter Semyon Kosber
Page 76: Burn times Burn time block A Burn t
Page 80: Only hours apart: the moon race, au
Page 84: FIRST COSMIC SHIP Undeterred though
Page 88: Instruments on the First, Second Co
Page 92: Following the First Cosmic Ship The
Page 96: one was not ready until the summer.
Page 100: Cosmic Ship had been a fraud, or 'a
Page 104: The Automatic Interplanetary Statio
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of failure. They had good reason to
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Automatic Interplanetary Station -
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uild crude spacecraft on big dumb b
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This ended the early moon programme
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possibilities explored during this
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Soyuz complex - first block design
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First flights were set for 1964 wit
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Nikolayev, Popovich return in trium
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The Americans want to land a man on
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Vladimir Chelomei Some of the missi
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Whatever the mixed circumstances, t
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Mikhail Tikhonravov at retirement W
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RD-270 engine Length Diameter Press
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N-1, or one that could later be ado
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Vladimir Chelomei and Mstislav Keld
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4 The soft-landers and orbiters Wit
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A The 8K78 block L came in. Block L
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The Ye-6 lander surface. A boom on
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lunar surface, photographs would be
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Luna 4 and the 1963, 1964 rounds of
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ackground was not propitious, for t
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course correction (up to 130m/sec)
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Zond 3
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Lunar map after Zond 3 features of
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KOROLEV DIES: THE MISHIN SUCCESSION
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Arnold Selivanov Luna 9 was down in
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Luna 9 first image was a radiation
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Luna 13 desolation. Luna 9 had done
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Table 4.1. Key events in the progra
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Luna 10 Although the Ye-7 photograp
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Luna 10 enters lunar orbit the Sea
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THE LUNAR PHOTOGRAPHY MISSIONS Now
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Luna 12 images lunar orbiters and d
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Ye-6 series: instruments specified
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Diagram of Luna 14 in a highly irre
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[4] Clark, Phillip S.: Masses of So
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Proton rocket Chelomei's moon rocke
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Russian rockets are limited to a di
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THE ROCKET FOR THE LANDING: THE N-l
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Mstislav Keldysh The N-1 was origin
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of people in Kyubyshev, Moscow, Dne
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The N-1 engine system In an effort
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of being wholly unrealistic. The pl
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them on a visit to Samara and could
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Korolev devoted considerable energi
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As the launch date drew near, there
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Vladimir Komarov and his friend Yur
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Cosmonaut Valeri Kubasov in Zond si
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was difficult to escape in the ocea
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orbital insertion, 188 was only 24
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The spaceship for orbiting the moon
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With the LK down on the surface, th
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The LK of the N-1 rocket would burn
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LK window burn would be done by blo
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the Soviet aviation industry, milit
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Orlan, descendant of the Kretchet
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The operations on the moon would co
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Although no cosmonaut ever did make
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Chief designer Valentin Glushko wit
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This group was selected for the fli
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Sergei Korolev with Konstantin Feok
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Russia's moon team: selection for a
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First group of six: Yuri Gagarin, V
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The moon teams: Moon Team 2: Valeri
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COSMONAUTS SELECTED TO LAND THE LK
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went into the deserts of Somalia so
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Alexei Leonov landed in a forest in
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Oleg Makarov Americans described hi
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Nikolai Rukhavishnikov planned expe
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\ ^ i . Vitally Sevastianov RETURNI
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completely undermined anyway at the
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6 Around the moon The moon race bet
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Zond 5
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Zond 5 in the Indian Ocean Zond 5's
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Zond 6 around the moon Even as the
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Zond over Crater Tsiolkovsky times,
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Remarkably, Zond 6 images survived
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Earthrise for Zond 7 their porthole
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moon programme. Although this was n
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Lunokhod on top of Proton SOYUZ 4-5
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Yevgeni Khrunov, Alexei Yeliseyev d
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Boris Volynov Back in space, Volyno
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N-l ON THE PAD By the time of these
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preparations to send two probes to
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from one brilliant achievement to a
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touchdown, the 90 cm long drill arm
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(the one achieved after major orbit
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Following the first moon landing, t
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of the Earth's full globe over the
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L-1/Zond series: scientific outcome
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initiation down to 1,500 m over the
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match the three days of two Apollo
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Test Peroxide (HTP). Only one other
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21 Feb 1969 3 Jul 1969 27 Jun 1971
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Valentin Glushko, now chief designe
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Salyut - an alternative programme p
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• Successfully tested out its lun
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decided, in 1968, to send an Apollo
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[7] Gracieux, Serge: Le joker Sovie
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KT descent stage Engine One 11D417
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750 kg to 1,920 kg. At highest thru
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Luna 16 stage left on the moon The
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Luna 16 moonrock For NASA and Weste
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Transmash designed tanks for the Re
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To guide the route chosen, Lunokhod
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Lunokhod Weight Diameter Height Whe
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Lunokhod tracks across the moon in
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Lunokhod route-planning conference
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stop to take panoramic pictures. Fo
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End of Lunokhod journey October 197
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ten-hour shifts, 14 lunar days at a
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The drilling operation took 40 min
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Lunokhod 2 Luna 21 entered a near-c
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Lunokhod 2 wheel marks on the moon
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The journey of Lunokhod 2 lunar sur
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that there was a very weak permanen
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It was a full year before the next
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of designers of 1946. He was the co
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Luna 24 returning to the Earth Ye-8
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• Telescopes on the lunar farside
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Valeri Barsukov Despite the heat of
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ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE SOVIET AUTOMATI
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[11] Surkov, Yuri: Exploration of t
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of no fewer than 450 sec. A lunar e
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cosmonaut at a time. As was the cas
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none progressed beyond the aspirati
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engineering and scientific sense, a
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[8] Rebrov, Colonel M.: But this is
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298 List of all Soviet moon probes
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300 List of all Soviet moon probes
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(1988-2003); Gordon Hooper (1990),
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Gorin, Peter A.: Rising from the cr
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Pesavento, Peter: Soviet space prog
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Wright, Pearce: Vasili Mishin - spa
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Bogomolov, Alexei 221 Boguslavsky,
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Kennedy, John F. Moon speech, 52 Pr
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Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin Bi
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Tikhonravov, Mikhail (cont.) Propos
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Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration

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