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C++ friend class ClassTwo; Consider the following program: #include using namespace std; class Box { double width; public: friend void printWidth( Box box ); void setWidth( double wid ); }; // Member function definition void Box::setWidth( double wid ) { width = wid; } // Note: printWidth() is not a member function of any class. void printWidth( Box box ) { /* Because printWidth() is a friend of Box, it can directly access any member of this class */ cout
C++ // set box width without member function box.setWidth(10.0); // Use friend function to print the wdith. printWidth( box ); } return 0; When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result: Width of box : 10 Inline Functions C++ inline function is powerful concept that is commonly used with classes. If a function is inline, the compiler places a copy of the code of that function at each point where the function is called at compile time. Any change to an inline function could require all clients of the function to be recompiled because compiler would need to replace all the code once again otherwise it will continue with old functionality. To inline a function, place the keyword inline before the function name and define the function before any calls are made to the function. The compiler can ignore the inline qualifier in case defined function is more than a line. A function definition in a class definition is an inline function definition, even without the use of the inline specifier. Following is an example, which makes use of inline function to return max of two numbers: #include using namespace std; inline int Max(int x, int y) { return (x > y)? x : y; } // Main function for the program 181
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About the Tutorial C++ is a middle-
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Enumerated Types ..................
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Function Declarations .............
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Structures as Function Arguments ..
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Data Encapsulation Example ........
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My First CGI program ..............
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C++ The ANSI standard has been stab
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C++ C++ Compiler: This is an actual
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3. BASIC SYNTAX C++ When we conside
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C++ add(x, y); A block is a set of
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C++ ??= # ??/ \ ??' ^ ??( [ ??) ] ?
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C++ cout
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C++ The following table shows the v
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C++ typedef int feet; Now, the foll
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C++ type variable_list; Here, type
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C++ Same concept applies on functio
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C++ Global Variables Global variabl
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8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS C++ Constants
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C++ \a Alert or bell \b Backspace \
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C++ } cout
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C++ j = 50000; i = j; cout
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C++ The static storage class instru
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C++ extern int count; void write_ex
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C++ ++ Increment operator, increase
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C++ operand is greater than or equa
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C++ Line 5 - b is either greater th
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C++ Bitwise operator works on bits
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C++ c = ~a; // -61 = 1100 0011 cout
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C++ Copy and paste the following C+
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C++ Condition ? X : Y Conditional o
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C++ int b = 10; int c = 15; int d =
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C++ do...while loop Like a ‘while
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C++ } return 0; When the above code
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C++ { } cout
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C++ } When the above code is compil
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C++ 2 is prime 3 is prime 5 is prim
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C++ Example #include using namespa
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C++ the ‘for’ loop are required
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C++ for equality against a list of
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C++ When the above code is compiled
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C++ An if can have zero to many e
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C++ switch(expression){ case consta
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C++ case 'D' : cout
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C++ C++ specifies that at least 256
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14. FUNCTIONS C++ A function is a g
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C++ Calling a Function While creati
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C++ in the call. This means that ch
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C++ temp = *x; /* save the value at
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C++ int main () { // local variable
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C++ Total value is :300 Total value
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C++ cout
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C++ double d = 200.374; // mathemat
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16. ARRAYS C++ C++ provides a data
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C++ for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
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C++ Multidimensioned arrays may be
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C++ Once you store the address of f
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C++ { . . . } Way-3 Formal paramete
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C++ . . } Second point to remember
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C++ 110
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C++ int main () { char greeting[6]
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C++ strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
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18. POINTERS C++ C++ pointers are e
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C++ // print the address stored in
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C++ convention, if a pointer contai
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C++ int main () { int var[MAX] = {1
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C++ Address of var[1] = 0xbfce42d4
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C++ Above statement is valid and wi
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C++ char *names[MAX] = { "Zara Ali"
Page 142 and 143: C++ Passing Pointers to Functions C
Page 144 and 145: C++ } return avg; When the above co
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Page 148 and 149: C++ // declare simple variables int
Page 150 and 151: C++ int temp; temp = x; /* save the
Page 152 and 153: C++ vals[4] = 50 When returning a r
Page 154 and 155: C++ hours:minutes:seconds year\n\0.
Page 156 and 157: C++ using namespace std; int main(
Page 158 and 159: C++ using namespace std; int main(
Page 160 and 161: C++ Error message : Unable to read.
Page 162 and 163: C++ int }book; book_id; Accessing S
Page 164 and 165: C++ using namespace std; void print
Page 166 and 167: C++ #include #include using names
Page 168 and 169: C++ Now, you can use Books directly
Page 170 and 171: C++ Both of the objects Box1 and Bo
Page 172 and 173: C++ created previously. C++ friend
Page 174 and 175: C++ { public: double length; double
Page 176 and 177: C++ internal representation of a cl
Page 178 and 179: C++ A private member variable or fu
Page 180 and 181: C++ You will learn derived classes
Page 182 and 183: C++ Line::Line(void) { cout
Page 184 and 185: C++ Line line(10.0); // get initial
Page 186 and 187: C++ } cout
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Page 190 and 191: C++ } *ptr = len; Line::Line(const
Page 194 and 195: C++ int main( ) { } cout
Page 196 and 197: C++ Constructor called. Box2 is equ
Page 198 and 199: C++ Let us try the following exampl
Page 200 and 201: C++ }; Box(double l=2.0, double b=2
Page 202 and 203: 24. INHERITANCE C++ One of the most
Page 204 and 205: C++ Total area: 35 Access Control a
Page 206 and 207: C++ }; public: int getCost(int area
Page 208 and 209: C++ 25. OVERLOADING (OPERATOR & FUN
Page 210 and 211: C++ Box operator+(const Box&, const
Page 212 and 213: C++ cout
Page 214 and 215: C++ #include using namespace std;
Page 216 and 217: C++ Time(int h, int m){ hours = h;
Page 218 and 219: C++ class Box { double length; doub
Page 220 and 221: C++ } return 0; When the above code
Page 222 and 223: C++ } { cout and the stream insert
Page 224 and 225: C++ Second Distance :F : 5 I : 11 T
Page 226 and 227: C++ } T2.displayTime(); T2++; T2.di
Page 228 and 229: C++ The function call operator () c
Page 230 and 231: C++ int arr[SIZE]; public: safearay
Page 232 and 233: C++ static int i, j; public: void f
Page 234 and 235: C++ } When the above code is compil
Page 236 and 237: C++ return (width * height); } }; c
Page 238 and 239: C++ As you can see, each of the chi
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C++ Designing Strategy Abstraction
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C++ defined after the public specif
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29. INTERFACES C++ An interface des
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C++ }; int getArea() { return (widt
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30. FILES AND STREAMS C++ So far, w
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C++ You read information from a fil
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C++ File Position Pointers Both ist
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C++ Throwing Exceptions Exceptions
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C++ Because we are raising an excep
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C++ struct MyException : public exc
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C++ double* pvalue = NULL; if( !(pv
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C++ class Box { public: Box() { cou
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C++ // second name space namespace
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C++ } return 0; If we compile and r
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34. TEMPLATES C++ Templates are the
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C++ #include #include #include #
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C++ } } If we compile and run above
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C++ test.p. Now, if you check test.
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C++ #if 0 /* This is commented part
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C++ Above line will be transformed
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36. SIGNAL HANDLING C++ Signals are
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C++ Going to sleep.... Going to sle
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37. MULTITHREADING C++ Multithreadi
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C++ } pthread_exit(NULL); int main
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C++ int i; } for( i=0; i < NUM_THRE
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C++ // Initialize and set thread jo
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38. WEB PROGRAMMING C++ What is CGI
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C++ Options All Here, I assume th
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C++ Variable Name Description CONTE
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C++ if ( value != 0 ){ cout
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C++ You can pass information by sim
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C++ First Name: Last Name: Her
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C++ cout
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C++ if( !fi->isEmpty() && fi != (*f
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C++ Passing Dropdown Box Data to CG
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C++ Domain: This is the domain
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C++ Cgicc cgi; const_cookie_iterato
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C++ #include #include #include #
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39. STL TUTORIAL C++ Hope you have
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C++ value of vec [1] = 1 value of v
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C++ The Localization library Exc
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