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38. WEB PROGRAMMING C++ What is CGI? The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a set of standards that define how information is exchanged between the web server and a custom script. The CGI specs are currently maintained by the NCSA and NCSA defines CGI is as follows: The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a standard for external gateway programs to interface with information servers such as HTTP servers. The current version is CGI/1.1 and CGI/1.2 is under progress. Web Browsing To understand the concept of CGI, let's see what happens when we click a hyperlink to browse a particular web page or URL. Your browser contacts the HTTP web server and demand for the URL i.e. filename. Web Server will parse the URL and will look for the filename. If it finds the requested file then web server sends that file back to the browser otherwise sends an error message indicating that you have requested a wrong file. Web browser takes response from web server and displays either the received file or error message based on the received response. However, it is possible to set up the HTTP server in such a way that whenever a file in a certain directory is requested, that file is not sent back; instead it is executed as a program, and produced output from the program is sent back to your browser to display. The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol for enabling applications (called CGI programs or CGI scripts) to interact with Web servers and with clients. These CGI programs can be a written in Python, PERL, Shell, C or C++ etc. CGI Architecture Diagram The following simple program shows a simple architecture of CGI: 282
C++ Web Server Configuration Before you proceed with CGI Programming, make sure that your Web Server supports CGI and it is configured to handle CGI Programs. All the CGI Programs to be executed by the HTTP server are kept in a pre-configured directory. This directory is called CGI directory and by convention it is named as /var/www/cgibin. By convention CGI files will have extension as .cgi, though they are C++ executable. By default, Apache Web Server is configured to run CGI programs in /var/www/cgi-bin. If you want to specify any other directory to run your CGI scripts, you can modify the following section in the httpd.conf file: AllowOverride None Options ExecCGI Order allow,deny Allow from all 283
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About the Tutorial C++ is a middle-
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Enumerated Types ..................
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Function Declarations .............
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Structures as Function Arguments ..
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Data Encapsulation Example ........
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My First CGI program ..............
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C++ The ANSI standard has been stab
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C++ C++ Compiler: This is an actual
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3. BASIC SYNTAX C++ When we conside
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C++ add(x, y); A block is a set of
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C++ ??= # ??/ \ ??' ^ ??( [ ??) ] ?
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C++ cout
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C++ The following table shows the v
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C++ typedef int feet; Now, the foll
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C++ type variable_list; Here, type
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C++ Same concept applies on functio
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C++ Global Variables Global variabl
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8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS C++ Constants
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C++ \a Alert or bell \b Backspace \
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C++ } cout
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C++ j = 50000; i = j; cout
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C++ The static storage class instru
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C++ extern int count; void write_ex
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C++ ++ Increment operator, increase
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C++ operand is greater than or equa
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C++ Line 5 - b is either greater th
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C++ Bitwise operator works on bits
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C++ c = ~a; // -61 = 1100 0011 cout
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C++ Copy and paste the following C+
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C++ Condition ? X : Y Conditional o
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C++ int b = 10; int c = 15; int d =
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C++ do...while loop Like a ‘while
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C++ } return 0; When the above code
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C++ { } cout
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C++ } When the above code is compil
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C++ 2 is prime 3 is prime 5 is prim
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C++ Example #include using namespa
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C++ the ‘for’ loop are required
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C++ for equality against a list of
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C++ When the above code is compiled
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C++ An if can have zero to many e
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C++ switch(expression){ case consta
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C++ case 'D' : cout
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C++ C++ specifies that at least 256
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14. FUNCTIONS C++ A function is a g
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C++ Calling a Function While creati
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C++ in the call. This means that ch
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C++ temp = *x; /* save the value at
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C++ int main () { // local variable
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C++ Total value is :300 Total value
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C++ cout
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C++ double d = 200.374; // mathemat
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16. ARRAYS C++ C++ provides a data
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C++ for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
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C++ Multidimensioned arrays may be
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C++ Once you store the address of f
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C++ { . . . } Way-3 Formal paramete
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C++ . . } Second point to remember
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C++ 110
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C++ int main () { char greeting[6]
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C++ strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
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18. POINTERS C++ C++ pointers are e
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C++ // print the address stored in
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C++ convention, if a pointer contai
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C++ int main () { int var[MAX] = {1
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C++ Address of var[1] = 0xbfce42d4
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C++ Above statement is valid and wi
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C++ char *names[MAX] = { "Zara Ali"
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C++ Passing Pointers to Functions C
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C++ } return avg; When the above co
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C++ 613357504 1377296355 1530315259
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C++ // declare simple variables int
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C++ int temp; temp = x; /* save the
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C++ vals[4] = 50 When returning a r
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C++ hours:minutes:seconds year\n\0.
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C++ using namespace std; int main(
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C++ using namespace std; int main(
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C++ Error message : Unable to read.
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C++ int }book; book_id; Accessing S
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C++ using namespace std; void print
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C++ #include #include using names
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C++ Now, you can use Books directly
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C++ Both of the objects Box1 and Bo
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C++ created previously. C++ friend
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C++ { public: double length; double
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C++ internal representation of a cl
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C++ A private member variable or fu
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C++ You will learn derived classes
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C++ Line::Line(void) { cout
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C++ Line line(10.0); // get initial
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C++ } cout
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C++ } cout
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C++ } *ptr = len; Line::Line(const
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C++ friend class ClassTwo; Consider
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C++ int main( ) { } cout
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C++ Constructor called. Box2 is equ
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C++ Let us try the following exampl
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C++ }; Box(double l=2.0, double b=2
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24. INHERITANCE C++ One of the most
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C++ Total area: 35 Access Control a
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C++ }; public: int getCost(int area
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C++ 25. OVERLOADING (OPERATOR & FUN
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C++ Box operator+(const Box&, const
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C++ cout
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C++ #include using namespace std;
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C++ Time(int h, int m){ hours = h;
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C++ class Box { double length; doub
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C++ } return 0; When the above code
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C++ } { cout and the stream insert
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C++ Second Distance :F : 5 I : 11 T
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C++ } T2.displayTime(); T2++; T2.di
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C++ The function call operator () c
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C++ int arr[SIZE]; public: safearay
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C++ static int i, j; public: void f
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C++ } When the above code is compil
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C++ return (width * height); } }; c
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C++ As you can see, each of the chi
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C++ Here, you don't need to underst
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C++ Designing Strategy Abstraction
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Page 246 and 247: 29. INTERFACES C++ An interface des
Page 248 and 249: C++ }; int getArea() { return (widt
Page 250 and 251: 30. FILES AND STREAMS C++ So far, w
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Page 256 and 257: C++ Throwing Exceptions Exceptions
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Page 262 and 263: C++ double* pvalue = NULL; if( !(pv
Page 264 and 265: C++ class Box { public: Box() { cou
Page 266 and 267: C++ // second name space namespace
Page 268 and 269: C++ } return 0; If we compile and r
Page 270 and 271: 34. TEMPLATES C++ Templates are the
Page 272 and 273: C++ #include #include #include #
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Page 278 and 279: C++ #if 0 /* This is commented part
Page 280 and 281: C++ Above line will be transformed
Page 282 and 283: 36. SIGNAL HANDLING C++ Signals are
Page 284 and 285: C++ Going to sleep.... Going to sle
Page 286 and 287: 37. MULTITHREADING C++ Multithreadi
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Page 292 and 293: C++ // Initialize and set thread jo
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Page 298 and 299: C++ Variable Name Description CONTE
Page 300 and 301: C++ if ( value != 0 ){ cout
Page 302 and 303: C++ You can pass information by sim
Page 304 and 305: C++ First Name: Last Name: Her
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Page 308 and 309: C++ if( !fi->isEmpty() && fi != (*f
Page 310 and 311: C++ Passing Dropdown Box Data to CG
Page 312 and 313: C++ Domain: This is the domain
Page 314 and 315: C++ Cgicc cgi; const_cookie_iterato
Page 316 and 317: C++ #include #include #include #
Page 318 and 319: 39. STL TUTORIAL C++ Hope you have
Page 320 and 321: C++ value of vec [1] = 1 value of v
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