cpp_tutorial

Recommendations

Info

About the Tutorial C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. This tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of C++. Audience This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to C++. Prerequisites Before you start practicing with various types of examples given in this tutorial,we are making an assumption that you are already aware of the basics of computer program and computer programming language. Copyright & Disclaimer Copyright 2014 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at contact@tutorialspoint.com Table of Contents About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i i
Copyright & Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................. i Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... i 1. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 1 Object-Oriented Programming ................................................................................................................ 1 Standard Libraries ................................................................................................................................... 1 The ANSI Standard .................................................................................................................................. 1 Learning C++ ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Use of C++ ............................................................................................................................................... 2 2. ENVIORNMENT SETUP ......................................................................................................... 3 Try it Option Online ................................................................................................................................. 3 Local Environment Setup......................................................................................................................... 3 Installing GNU C/C++ Compiler: ............................................................................................................... 4 3. BASIC SYNTAX ...................................................................................................................... 6 C++ Program Structure: ........................................................................................................................... 6 Compile & Execute C++ Program: ............................................................................................................ 7 Semicolons & Blocks in C++ ..................................................................................................................... 7 C++ Identifiers ......................................................................................................................................... 8 C++ Keywords .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Trigraphs ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Whitespace in C++ ................................................................................................................................. 10 4. COMMENTS IN C++ ........................................................................................................... 11 5. DATA TYPES ....................................................................................................................... 13 Primitive Built-in Types ......................................................................................................................... 13 typedef Declarations ............................................................................................................................. 15 ii
Page 4 and 5: Enumerated Types ..................
Page 6 and 7: Function Declarations .............
Page 8 and 9: Structures as Function Arguments ..
Page 10 and 11: Data Encapsulation Example ........
Page 12 and 13: My First CGI program ..............
Page 14 and 15: C++ The ANSI standard has been stab
Page 16 and 17: C++ C++ Compiler: This is an actual
Page 18 and 19: 3. BASIC SYNTAX C++ When we conside
Page 20 and 21: C++ add(x, y); A block is a set of
Page 22 and 23: C++ ??= # ??/ \ ??' ^ ??( [ ??) ] ?
Page 24 and 25: C++ cout
Page 26 and 27: C++ The following table shows the v
Page 28 and 29: C++ typedef int feet; Now, the foll
Page 30 and 31: C++ type variable_list; Here, type
Page 32 and 33: C++ Same concept applies on functio
Page 34 and 35: C++ Global Variables Global variabl
Page 36 and 37: 8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS C++ Constants
Page 38 and 39: C++ \a Alert or bell \b Backspace \
Page 40 and 41: C++ } cout
Page 42 and 43: C++ j = 50000; i = j; cout
Page 44 and 45: C++ The static storage class instru
Page 46 and 47: C++ extern int count; void write_ex
Page 48 and 49: C++ ++ Increment operator, increase
Page 50 and 51: C++ operand is greater than or equa
Page 52 and 53:
C++ Line 5 - b is either greater th
Page 54 and 55:
C++ Bitwise operator works on bits
Page 56 and 57:
C++ c = ~a; // -61 = 1100 0011 cout
Page 58 and 59:
C++ Copy and paste the following C+
Page 60 and 61:
C++ Condition ? X : Y Conditional o
Page 62 and 63:
C++ int b = 10; int c = 15; int d =
Page 64 and 65:
C++ do...while loop Like a ‘while
Page 66 and 67:
C++ } return 0; When the above code
Page 68 and 69:
C++ { } cout
Page 70 and 71:
C++ } When the above code is compil
Page 72 and 73:
C++ 2 is prime 3 is prime 5 is prim
Page 74 and 75:
C++ Example #include using namespa
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
C++ the ‘for’ loop are required
Page 82 and 83:
C++ for equality against a list of
Page 84 and 85:
C++ When the above code is compiled
Page 86 and 87:
C++ An if can have zero to many e
Page 88 and 89:
C++ switch(expression){ case consta
Page 90 and 91:
C++ case 'D' : cout
Page 92 and 93:
C++ C++ specifies that at least 256
Page 94 and 95:
14. FUNCTIONS C++ A function is a g
Page 96 and 97:
C++ Calling a Function While creati
Page 98 and 99:
C++ in the call. This means that ch
Page 100 and 101:
C++ temp = *x; /* save the value at
Page 102 and 103:
C++ int main () { // local variable
Page 104 and 105:
C++ Total value is :300 Total value
Page 106 and 107:
C++ cout
Page 108 and 109:
C++ double d = 200.374; // mathemat
Page 110 and 111:
16. ARRAYS C++ C++ provides a data
Page 112 and 113:
C++ for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
Page 114 and 115:
C++ Multidimensioned arrays may be
Page 116 and 117:
C++ Once you store the address of f
Page 118 and 119:
C++ { . . . } Way-3 Formal paramete
Page 120 and 121:
C++ . . } Second point to remember
Page 122 and 123:
C++ 110
Page 124 and 125:
C++ int main () { char greeting[6]
Page 126 and 127:
C++ strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
Page 128 and 129:
18. POINTERS C++ C++ pointers are e
Page 130 and 131:
C++ // print the address stored in
Page 132 and 133:
C++ convention, if a pointer contai
Page 134 and 135:
C++ int main () { int var[MAX] = {1
Page 136 and 137:
C++ Address of var[1] = 0xbfce42d4
Page 138 and 139:
C++ Above statement is valid and wi
Page 140 and 141:
C++ char *names[MAX] = { "Zara Ali"
Page 142 and 143:
C++ Passing Pointers to Functions C
Page 144 and 145:
C++ } return avg; When the above co
Page 146 and 147:
C++ 613357504 1377296355 1530315259
Page 148 and 149:
C++ // declare simple variables int
Page 150 and 151:
C++ int temp; temp = x; /* save the
Page 152 and 153:
C++ vals[4] = 50 When returning a r
Page 154 and 155:
C++ hours:minutes:seconds year\n\0.
Page 156 and 157:
C++ using namespace std; int main(
Page 158 and 159:
C++ using namespace std; int main(
Page 160 and 161:
C++ Error message : Unable to read.
Page 162 and 163:
C++ int }book; book_id; Accessing S
Page 164 and 165:
C++ using namespace std; void print
Page 166 and 167:
C++ #include #include using names
Page 168 and 169:
C++ Now, you can use Books directly
Page 170 and 171:
C++ Both of the objects Box1 and Bo
Page 172 and 173:
C++ created previously. C++ friend
Page 174 and 175:
C++ { public: double length; double
Page 176 and 177:
C++ internal representation of a cl
Page 178 and 179:
C++ A private member variable or fu
Page 180 and 181:
C++ You will learn derived classes
Page 182 and 183:
C++ Line::Line(void) { cout
Page 184 and 185:
C++ Line line(10.0); // get initial
Page 186 and 187:
C++ } cout
Page 188 and 189:
C++ } cout
Page 190 and 191:
C++ } *ptr = len; Line::Line(const
Page 192 and 193:
C++ friend class ClassTwo; Consider
Page 194 and 195:
C++ int main( ) { } cout
Page 196 and 197:
C++ Constructor called. Box2 is equ
Page 198 and 199:
C++ Let us try the following exampl
Page 200 and 201:
C++ }; Box(double l=2.0, double b=2
Page 202 and 203:
24. INHERITANCE C++ One of the most
Page 204 and 205:
C++ Total area: 35 Access Control a
Page 206 and 207:
C++ }; public: int getCost(int area
Page 208 and 209:
C++ 25. OVERLOADING (OPERATOR & FUN
Page 210 and 211:
C++ Box operator+(const Box&, const
Page 212 and 213:
C++ cout
Page 214 and 215:
C++ #include using namespace std;
Page 216 and 217:
C++ Time(int h, int m){ hours = h;
Page 218 and 219:
C++ class Box { double length; doub
Page 220 and 221:
C++ } return 0; When the above code
Page 222 and 223:
C++ } { cout and the stream insert
Page 224 and 225:
C++ Second Distance :F : 5 I : 11 T
Page 226 and 227:
C++ } T2.displayTime(); T2++; T2.di
Page 228 and 229:
C++ The function call operator () c
Page 230 and 231:
C++ int arr[SIZE]; public: safearay
Page 232 and 233:
C++ static int i, j; public: void f
Page 234 and 235:
C++ } When the above code is compil
Page 236 and 237:
C++ return (width * height); } }; c
Page 238 and 239:
C++ As you can see, each of the chi
Page 240 and 241:
C++ Here, you don't need to underst
Page 242 and 243:
C++ Designing Strategy Abstraction
Page 244 and 245:
C++ defined after the public specif
Page 246 and 247:
29. INTERFACES C++ An interface des
Page 248 and 249:
C++ }; int getArea() { return (widt
Page 250 and 251:
30. FILES AND STREAMS C++ So far, w
Page 252 and 253:
C++ You read information from a fil
Page 254 and 255:
C++ File Position Pointers Both ist
Page 256 and 257:
C++ Throwing Exceptions Exceptions
Page 258 and 259:
C++ Because we are raising an excep
Page 260 and 261:
C++ struct MyException : public exc
Page 262 and 263:
C++ double* pvalue = NULL; if( !(pv
Page 264 and 265:
C++ class Box { public: Box() { cou
Page 266 and 267:
C++ // second name space namespace
Page 268 and 269:
C++ } return 0; If we compile and r
Page 270 and 271:
34. TEMPLATES C++ Templates are the
Page 272 and 273:
C++ #include #include #include #
Page 274 and 275:
C++ } } If we compile and run above
Page 276 and 277:
C++ test.p. Now, if you check test.
Page 278 and 279:
C++ #if 0 /* This is commented part
Page 280 and 281:
C++ Above line will be transformed
Page 282 and 283:
36. SIGNAL HANDLING C++ Signals are
Page 284 and 285:
C++ Going to sleep.... Going to sle
Page 286 and 287:
37. MULTITHREADING C++ Multithreadi
Page 288 and 289:
C++ } pthread_exit(NULL); int main
Page 290 and 291:
C++ int i; } for( i=0; i < NUM_THRE
Page 292 and 293:
C++ // Initialize and set thread jo
Page 294 and 295:
38. WEB PROGRAMMING C++ What is CGI
Page 296 and 297:
C++ Options All Here, I assume th
Page 298 and 299:
C++ Variable Name Description CONTE
Page 300 and 301:
C++ if ( value != 0 ){ cout
Page 302 and 303:
C++ You can pass information by sim
Page 304 and 305:
C++ First Name: Last Name: Her
Page 306 and 307:
C++ cout
Page 308 and 309:
C++ if( !fi->isEmpty() && fi != (*f
Page 310 and 311:
C++ Passing Dropdown Box Data to CG
Page 312 and 313:
C++ Domain: This is the domain
Page 314 and 315:
C++ Cgicc cgi; const_cookie_iterato
Page 316 and 317:
C++ #include #include #include #
Page 318 and 319:
39. STL TUTORIAL C++ Hope you have
Page 320 and 321:
C++ value of vec [1] = 1 value of v
Page 322:
C++ The Localization library Exc
show all

cpp_tutorial

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?