cpp_tutorial

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Structures as Function Arguments ....................................................................................................... 151 Pointers to Structures ......................................................................................................................... 153 The typedef Keyword .......................................................................................................................... 155 23. CLASSES AND OBJECTS .................................................................................................... 157 C++ Class Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 157 Define C++ Objects .............................................................................................................................. 157 Accessing the Data Members .............................................................................................................. 158 Classes & Objects in Detail .................................................................................................................. 159 Class Access Modifiers ......................................................................................................................... 163 The public Members............................................................................................................................ 164 The private Members .......................................................................................................................... 165 The protected Members ...................................................................................................................... 167 Constructor & Destructor .................................................................................................................... 169 Parameterized Constructor ................................................................................................................. 170 The Class Destructor ............................................................................................................................ 173 Copy Constructor ................................................................................................................................ 174 Friend Functions .................................................................................................................................. 179 Inline Functions ................................................................................................................................... 181 this Pointer ......................................................................................................................................... 182 Pointer to C++ Classes ......................................................................................................................... 184 Static Members of a Class ................................................................................................................... 185 Static Function Members .................................................................................................................... 187 24. INHERITANCE................................................................................................................... 190 Base & Derived Classes........................................................................................................................ 190 Access Control and Inheritance ........................................................................................................... 192 vii
Type of Inheritance ............................................................................................................................. 192 Multiple Inheritance ........................................................................................................................... 193 25. OVERLOADING (OPERATOR & FUNCTION) ....................................................................... 196 Function Overloading in C++ ............................................................................................................... 196 Operators Overloading in C++ ............................................................................................................. 197 Overloadable/Non-overloadable Operators ........................................................................................ 200 Operator Overloading Examples ......................................................................................................... 201 Unary Operators Overloading ............................................................................................................. 201 Increment (++) and Decrement (- -) Operators .................................................................................... 203 Binary Operators Overloading ............................................................................................................. 205 Relational Operators Overloading ....................................................................................................... 208 Input/Output Operators Overloading.................................................................................................. 210 ++ and - - Operators Overloading ........................................................................................................ 212 Assignment Operators Overloading .................................................................................................... 214 Function Call () Operator Overloading ................................................................................................. 215 Subscripting [ ] Operator Overloading ................................................................................................. 217 Class Member Access Operator - > Overloading .................................................................................. 219 26. POLYMORPHISM.............................................................................................................. 223 Virtual Function .................................................................................................................................. 226 Pure Virtual Functions ......................................................................................................................... 226 27. DATA ABSTRACTION ........................................................................................................ 227 Access Labels Enforce Abstraction ....................................................................................................... 228 Benefits of Data Abstraction ............................................................................................................... 228 Data Abstraction Example ................................................................................................................... 228 Designing Strategy .............................................................................................................................. 230 28. DATA ENCAPSULATION .................................................................................................... 231 viii
Page 2 and 3: About the Tutorial C++ is a middle-
Page 4 and 5: Enumerated Types ..................
Page 6 and 7: Function Declarations .............
Page 10 and 11: Data Encapsulation Example ........
Page 12 and 13: My First CGI program ..............
Page 14 and 15: C++ The ANSI standard has been stab
Page 16 and 17: C++ C++ Compiler: This is an actual
Page 18 and 19: 3. BASIC SYNTAX C++ When we conside
Page 20 and 21: C++ add(x, y); A block is a set of
Page 22 and 23: C++ ??= # ??/ \ ??' ^ ??( [ ??) ] ?
Page 24 and 25: C++ cout
Page 26 and 27: C++ The following table shows the v
Page 28 and 29: C++ typedef int feet; Now, the foll
Page 30 and 31: C++ type variable_list; Here, type
Page 32 and 33: C++ Same concept applies on functio
Page 34 and 35: C++ Global Variables Global variabl
Page 36 and 37: 8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS C++ Constants
Page 38 and 39: C++ \a Alert or bell \b Backspace \
Page 40 and 41: C++ } cout
Page 42 and 43: C++ j = 50000; i = j; cout
Page 44 and 45: C++ The static storage class instru
Page 46 and 47: C++ extern int count; void write_ex
Page 48 and 49: C++ ++ Increment operator, increase
Page 50 and 51: C++ operand is greater than or equa
Page 52 and 53: C++ Line 5 - b is either greater th
Page 54 and 55: C++ Bitwise operator works on bits
Page 56 and 57: C++ c = ~a; // -61 = 1100 0011 cout
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C++ Copy and paste the following C+
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C++ Condition ? X : Y Conditional o
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C++ int b = 10; int c = 15; int d =
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C++ do...while loop Like a ‘while
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C++ } return 0; When the above code
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C++ { } cout
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C++ } When the above code is compil
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C++ 2 is prime 3 is prime 5 is prim
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C++ Example #include using namespa
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C++ the ‘for’ loop are required
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C++ for equality against a list of
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C++ When the above code is compiled
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C++ An if can have zero to many e
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C++ switch(expression){ case consta
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C++ case 'D' : cout
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C++ C++ specifies that at least 256
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14. FUNCTIONS C++ A function is a g
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C++ Calling a Function While creati
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C++ in the call. This means that ch
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C++ temp = *x; /* save the value at
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C++ int main () { // local variable
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C++ Total value is :300 Total value
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C++ cout
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C++ double d = 200.374; // mathemat
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16. ARRAYS C++ C++ provides a data
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C++ for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
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C++ Multidimensioned arrays may be
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C++ Once you store the address of f
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C++ { . . . } Way-3 Formal paramete
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C++ . . } Second point to remember
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C++ 110
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C++ int main () { char greeting[6]
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C++ strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
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18. POINTERS C++ C++ pointers are e
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C++ // print the address stored in
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C++ convention, if a pointer contai
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C++ int main () { int var[MAX] = {1
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C++ Address of var[1] = 0xbfce42d4
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C++ Above statement is valid and wi
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C++ char *names[MAX] = { "Zara Ali"
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C++ Passing Pointers to Functions C
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C++ } return avg; When the above co
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C++ 613357504 1377296355 1530315259
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C++ // declare simple variables int
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C++ int temp; temp = x; /* save the
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C++ vals[4] = 50 When returning a r
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C++ hours:minutes:seconds year\n\0.
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C++ using namespace std; int main(
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C++ using namespace std; int main(
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C++ Error message : Unable to read.
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C++ int }book; book_id; Accessing S
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C++ using namespace std; void print
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C++ #include #include using names
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C++ Now, you can use Books directly
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C++ Both of the objects Box1 and Bo
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C++ created previously. C++ friend
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C++ { public: double length; double
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C++ internal representation of a cl
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C++ A private member variable or fu
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C++ You will learn derived classes
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C++ Line::Line(void) { cout
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C++ Line line(10.0); // get initial
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C++ } cout
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C++ } cout
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C++ } *ptr = len; Line::Line(const
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C++ friend class ClassTwo; Consider
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C++ int main( ) { } cout
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C++ Constructor called. Box2 is equ
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C++ Let us try the following exampl
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C++ }; Box(double l=2.0, double b=2
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24. INHERITANCE C++ One of the most
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C++ Total area: 35 Access Control a
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C++ }; public: int getCost(int area
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C++ 25. OVERLOADING (OPERATOR & FUN
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C++ Box operator+(const Box&, const
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C++ cout
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C++ #include using namespace std;
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C++ Time(int h, int m){ hours = h;
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C++ class Box { double length; doub
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C++ } return 0; When the above code
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C++ } { cout and the stream insert
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C++ Second Distance :F : 5 I : 11 T
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C++ } T2.displayTime(); T2++; T2.di
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C++ The function call operator () c
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C++ int arr[SIZE]; public: safearay
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C++ static int i, j; public: void f
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C++ } When the above code is compil
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C++ return (width * height); } }; c
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C++ As you can see, each of the chi
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C++ Here, you don't need to underst
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C++ Designing Strategy Abstraction
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C++ defined after the public specif
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29. INTERFACES C++ An interface des
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C++ }; int getArea() { return (widt
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30. FILES AND STREAMS C++ So far, w
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C++ You read information from a fil
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C++ File Position Pointers Both ist
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C++ Throwing Exceptions Exceptions
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C++ Because we are raising an excep
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C++ struct MyException : public exc
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C++ double* pvalue = NULL; if( !(pv
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C++ class Box { public: Box() { cou
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C++ // second name space namespace
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C++ } return 0; If we compile and r
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34. TEMPLATES C++ Templates are the
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C++ #include #include #include #
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C++ } } If we compile and run above
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C++ test.p. Now, if you check test.
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C++ #if 0 /* This is commented part
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C++ Above line will be transformed
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36. SIGNAL HANDLING C++ Signals are
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C++ Going to sleep.... Going to sle
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37. MULTITHREADING C++ Multithreadi
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C++ } pthread_exit(NULL); int main
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C++ int i; } for( i=0; i < NUM_THRE
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C++ // Initialize and set thread jo
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38. WEB PROGRAMMING C++ What is CGI
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C++ Options All Here, I assume th
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C++ Variable Name Description CONTE
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C++ if ( value != 0 ){ cout
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C++ You can pass information by sim
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C++ First Name: Last Name: Her
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C++ cout
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C++ if( !fi->isEmpty() && fi != (*f
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C++ Passing Dropdown Box Data to CG
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C++ Domain: This is the domain
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C++ Cgicc cgi; const_cookie_iterato
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C++ #include #include #include #
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39. STL TUTORIAL C++ Hope you have
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C++ value of vec [1] = 1 value of v
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C++ The Localization library Exc
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