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C++ type variable_list; Here, type must be a valid C++ data type including char, w_char, int, float, double, bool or any user-defined object, etc., and variable_list may consist of one or more identifier names separated by commas. Some valid declarations are shown here: int i, j, k; char c, ch; float f, salary; double d; The line int i, j, k; both declares and defines the variables i, j and k; which instructs the compiler to create variables named i, j and k of type int. Variables can be initialized (assigned an initial value) in their declaration. The initializer consists of an equal sign followed by a constant expression as follows: type variable_name = value; Some examples are: extern int d = 3, f = 5; // declaration of d and f. int d = 3, f = 5; // definition and initializing d and f. byte z = 22; // definition and initializes z. char x = 'x'; // the variable x has the value 'x'. For definition without an initializer: variables with static storage duration are implicitly initialized with NULL (all bytes have the value 0); the initial value of all other variables is undefined. Variable Declaration in C++ A variable declaration provides assurance to the compiler that there is one variable existing with the given type and name so that compiler proceed for further compilation without needing complete detail about the variable. A variable declaration has its meaning at the time of compilation only, compiler needs actual variable declaration at the time of linking of the program. A variable declaration is useful when you are using multiple files and you define your variable in one of the files which will be available at the time of linking of the program. You will use extern keyword to declare a variable at any place. Though you can declare a variable multiple times in your C++ program, but it can be defined only once in a file, a function or a block of code. Example: 18
C++ Try the following example where a variable has been declared at the top, but it has been defined inside the main function: #include using namespace std; // Variable declaration: extern int a, b; extern int c; extern float f; int main () { // Variable definition: int a, b; int c; float f; // actual initialization a = 10; b = 20; c = a + b; cout
Page 2 and 3: About the Tutorial C++ is a middle-
Page 4 and 5: Enumerated Types ..................
Page 6 and 7: Function Declarations .............
Page 8 and 9: Structures as Function Arguments ..
Page 10 and 11: Data Encapsulation Example ........
Page 12 and 13: My First CGI program ..............
Page 14 and 15: C++ The ANSI standard has been stab
Page 16 and 17: C++ C++ Compiler: This is an actual
Page 18 and 19: 3. BASIC SYNTAX C++ When we conside
Page 20 and 21: C++ add(x, y); A block is a set of
Page 22 and 23: C++ ??= # ??/ \ ??' ^ ??( [ ??) ] ?
Page 24 and 25: C++ cout
Page 26 and 27: C++ The following table shows the v
Page 28 and 29: C++ typedef int feet; Now, the foll
Page 32 and 33: C++ Same concept applies on functio
Page 34 and 35: C++ Global Variables Global variabl
Page 36 and 37: 8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS C++ Constants
Page 38 and 39: C++ \a Alert or bell \b Backspace \
Page 40 and 41: C++ } cout
Page 42 and 43: C++ j = 50000; i = j; cout
Page 44 and 45: C++ The static storage class instru
Page 46 and 47: C++ extern int count; void write_ex
Page 48 and 49: C++ ++ Increment operator, increase
Page 50 and 51: C++ operand is greater than or equa
Page 52 and 53: C++ Line 5 - b is either greater th
Page 54 and 55: C++ Bitwise operator works on bits
Page 56 and 57: C++ c = ~a; // -61 = 1100 0011 cout
Page 58 and 59: C++ Copy and paste the following C+
Page 60 and 61: C++ Condition ? X : Y Conditional o
Page 62 and 63: C++ int b = 10; int c = 15; int d =
Page 64 and 65: C++ do...while loop Like a ‘while
Page 66 and 67: C++ } return 0; When the above code
Page 68 and 69: C++ { } cout
Page 70 and 71: C++ } When the above code is compil
Page 72 and 73: C++ 2 is prime 3 is prime 5 is prim
Page 74 and 75: C++ Example #include using namespa
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C++ the ‘for’ loop are required
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C++ for equality against a list of
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C++ When the above code is compiled
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C++ An if can have zero to many e
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C++ switch(expression){ case consta
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C++ case 'D' : cout
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C++ C++ specifies that at least 256
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14. FUNCTIONS C++ A function is a g
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C++ Calling a Function While creati
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C++ in the call. This means that ch
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C++ temp = *x; /* save the value at
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C++ int main () { // local variable
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C++ Total value is :300 Total value
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C++ cout
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C++ double d = 200.374; // mathemat
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16. ARRAYS C++ C++ provides a data
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C++ for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
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C++ Multidimensioned arrays may be
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C++ Once you store the address of f
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C++ { . . . } Way-3 Formal paramete
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C++ . . } Second point to remember
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C++ 110
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C++ int main () { char greeting[6]
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C++ strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
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18. POINTERS C++ C++ pointers are e
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C++ // print the address stored in
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C++ convention, if a pointer contai
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C++ int main () { int var[MAX] = {1
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C++ Address of var[1] = 0xbfce42d4
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C++ Above statement is valid and wi
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C++ char *names[MAX] = { "Zara Ali"
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C++ Passing Pointers to Functions C
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C++ } return avg; When the above co
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C++ 613357504 1377296355 1530315259
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C++ // declare simple variables int
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C++ int temp; temp = x; /* save the
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C++ vals[4] = 50 When returning a r
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C++ hours:minutes:seconds year\n\0.
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C++ using namespace std; int main(
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C++ using namespace std; int main(
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C++ Error message : Unable to read.
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C++ int }book; book_id; Accessing S
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C++ using namespace std; void print
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C++ #include #include using names
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C++ Now, you can use Books directly
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C++ Both of the objects Box1 and Bo
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C++ created previously. C++ friend
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C++ { public: double length; double
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C++ internal representation of a cl
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C++ A private member variable or fu
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C++ You will learn derived classes
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C++ Line::Line(void) { cout
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C++ Line line(10.0); // get initial
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C++ } cout
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C++ } cout
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C++ } *ptr = len; Line::Line(const
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C++ friend class ClassTwo; Consider
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C++ int main( ) { } cout
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C++ Constructor called. Box2 is equ
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C++ Let us try the following exampl
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C++ }; Box(double l=2.0, double b=2
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24. INHERITANCE C++ One of the most
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C++ Total area: 35 Access Control a
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C++ }; public: int getCost(int area
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C++ 25. OVERLOADING (OPERATOR & FUN
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C++ Box operator+(const Box&, const
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C++ cout
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C++ #include using namespace std;
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C++ Time(int h, int m){ hours = h;
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C++ class Box { double length; doub
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C++ } return 0; When the above code
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C++ } { cout and the stream insert
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C++ Second Distance :F : 5 I : 11 T
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C++ } T2.displayTime(); T2++; T2.di
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C++ The function call operator () c
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C++ int arr[SIZE]; public: safearay
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C++ static int i, j; public: void f
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C++ } When the above code is compil
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C++ return (width * height); } }; c
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C++ As you can see, each of the chi
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C++ Here, you don't need to underst
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C++ Designing Strategy Abstraction
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C++ defined after the public specif
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29. INTERFACES C++ An interface des
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C++ }; int getArea() { return (widt
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30. FILES AND STREAMS C++ So far, w
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C++ You read information from a fil
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C++ File Position Pointers Both ist
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C++ Throwing Exceptions Exceptions
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C++ Because we are raising an excep
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C++ struct MyException : public exc
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C++ double* pvalue = NULL; if( !(pv
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C++ class Box { public: Box() { cou
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C++ // second name space namespace
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C++ } return 0; If we compile and r
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34. TEMPLATES C++ Templates are the
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C++ #include #include #include #
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C++ } } If we compile and run above
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C++ test.p. Now, if you check test.
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C++ #if 0 /* This is commented part
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C++ Above line will be transformed
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36. SIGNAL HANDLING C++ Signals are
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C++ Going to sleep.... Going to sle
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37. MULTITHREADING C++ Multithreadi
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C++ } pthread_exit(NULL); int main
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C++ int i; } for( i=0; i < NUM_THRE
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C++ // Initialize and set thread jo
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38. WEB PROGRAMMING C++ What is CGI
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C++ Options All Here, I assume th
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C++ Variable Name Description CONTE
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C++ if ( value != 0 ){ cout
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C++ You can pass information by sim
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C++ First Name: Last Name: Her
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C++ cout
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C++ if( !fi->isEmpty() && fi != (*f
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C++ Passing Dropdown Box Data to CG
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C++ Domain: This is the domain
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C++ Cgicc cgi; const_cookie_iterato
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C++ #include #include #include #
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39. STL TUTORIAL C++ Hope you have
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C++ value of vec [1] = 1 value of v
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C++ The Localization library Exc
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