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34. TEMPLATES C++ Templates are the foundation of generic programming, which involves writing code in a way that is independent of any particular type. A template is a blueprint or formula for creating a generic class or a function. The library containers like iterators and algorithms are examples of generic programming and have been developed using template concept. There is a single definition of each container, such as vector, but we can define many different kinds of vectors for example, vector or vector . You can use templates to define functions as well as classes, let us see how they work: Function Template The general form of a template function definition is shown here: template ret-type func-name(parameter list) { } // body of function Here, type is a placeholder name for a data type used by the function. This name can be used within the function definition. The following is the example of a function template that returns the maximum of two values: #include #include using namespace std; template inline T const& Max (T const& a, T const& b) { return a < b ? b:a; } int main () { 258
C++ int i = 39; int j = 20; cout
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About the Tutorial C++ is a middle-
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Enumerated Types ..................
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Function Declarations .............
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Structures as Function Arguments ..
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Data Encapsulation Example ........
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My First CGI program ..............
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C++ The ANSI standard has been stab
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C++ C++ Compiler: This is an actual
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3. BASIC SYNTAX C++ When we conside
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C++ add(x, y); A block is a set of
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C++ ??= # ??/ \ ??' ^ ??( [ ??) ] ?
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C++ cout
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C++ The following table shows the v
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C++ typedef int feet; Now, the foll
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C++ type variable_list; Here, type
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C++ Same concept applies on functio
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C++ Global Variables Global variabl
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8. CONSTANTS/LITERALS C++ Constants
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C++ \a Alert or bell \b Backspace \
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C++ } cout
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C++ j = 50000; i = j; cout
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C++ The static storage class instru
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C++ extern int count; void write_ex
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C++ ++ Increment operator, increase
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C++ operand is greater than or equa
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C++ Line 5 - b is either greater th
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C++ Bitwise operator works on bits
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C++ c = ~a; // -61 = 1100 0011 cout
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C++ Copy and paste the following C+
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C++ Condition ? X : Y Conditional o
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C++ int b = 10; int c = 15; int d =
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C++ do...while loop Like a ‘while
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C++ } return 0; When the above code
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C++ { } cout
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C++ } When the above code is compil
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C++ 2 is prime 3 is prime 5 is prim
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C++ Example #include using namespa
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C++ the ‘for’ loop are required
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C++ for equality against a list of
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C++ When the above code is compiled
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C++ An if can have zero to many e
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C++ switch(expression){ case consta
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C++ case 'D' : cout
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C++ C++ specifies that at least 256
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14. FUNCTIONS C++ A function is a g
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C++ Calling a Function While creati
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C++ in the call. This means that ch
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C++ temp = *x; /* save the value at
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C++ int main () { // local variable
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C++ Total value is :300 Total value
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C++ cout
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C++ double d = 200.374; // mathemat
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16. ARRAYS C++ C++ provides a data
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C++ for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
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C++ Multidimensioned arrays may be
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C++ Once you store the address of f
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C++ { . . . } Way-3 Formal paramete
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C++ . . } Second point to remember
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C++ 110
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C++ int main () { char greeting[6]
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C++ strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
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18. POINTERS C++ C++ pointers are e
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C++ // print the address stored in
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C++ convention, if a pointer contai
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C++ int main () { int var[MAX] = {1
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C++ Address of var[1] = 0xbfce42d4
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C++ Above statement is valid and wi
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C++ char *names[MAX] = { "Zara Ali"
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C++ Passing Pointers to Functions C
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C++ } return avg; When the above co
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C++ 613357504 1377296355 1530315259
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C++ // declare simple variables int
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C++ int temp; temp = x; /* save the
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C++ vals[4] = 50 When returning a r
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C++ hours:minutes:seconds year\n\0.
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C++ using namespace std; int main(
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C++ using namespace std; int main(
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C++ Error message : Unable to read.
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C++ int }book; book_id; Accessing S
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C++ using namespace std; void print
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C++ #include #include using names
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C++ Now, you can use Books directly
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C++ Both of the objects Box1 and Bo
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C++ created previously. C++ friend
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C++ { public: double length; double
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C++ internal representation of a cl
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C++ A private member variable or fu
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C++ You will learn derived classes
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C++ Line::Line(void) { cout
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C++ Line line(10.0); // get initial
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C++ } cout
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C++ } cout
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C++ } *ptr = len; Line::Line(const
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C++ friend class ClassTwo; Consider
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C++ int main( ) { } cout
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C++ Constructor called. Box2 is equ
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C++ Let us try the following exampl
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C++ }; Box(double l=2.0, double b=2
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24. INHERITANCE C++ One of the most
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C++ Total area: 35 Access Control a
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C++ }; public: int getCost(int area
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C++ 25. OVERLOADING (OPERATOR & FUN
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C++ Box operator+(const Box&, const
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C++ cout
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C++ #include using namespace std;
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C++ Time(int h, int m){ hours = h;
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C++ class Box { double length; doub
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Page 224 and 225: C++ Second Distance :F : 5 I : 11 T
Page 226 and 227: C++ } T2.displayTime(); T2++; T2.di
Page 228 and 229: C++ The function call operator () c
Page 230 and 231: C++ int arr[SIZE]; public: safearay
Page 232 and 233: C++ static int i, j; public: void f
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Page 236 and 237: C++ return (width * height); } }; c
Page 238 and 239: C++ As you can see, each of the chi
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Page 242 and 243: C++ Designing Strategy Abstraction
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Page 246 and 247: 29. INTERFACES C++ An interface des
Page 248 and 249: C++ }; int getArea() { return (widt
Page 250 and 251: 30. FILES AND STREAMS C++ So far, w
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Page 256 and 257: C++ Throwing Exceptions Exceptions
Page 258 and 259: C++ Because we are raising an excep
Page 260 and 261: C++ struct MyException : public exc
Page 262 and 263: C++ double* pvalue = NULL; if( !(pv
Page 264 and 265: C++ class Box { public: Box() { cou
Page 266 and 267: C++ // second name space namespace
Page 268 and 269: C++ } return 0; If we compile and r
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Page 276 and 277: C++ test.p. Now, if you check test.
Page 278 and 279: C++ #if 0 /* This is commented part
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Page 286 and 287: 37. MULTITHREADING C++ Multithreadi
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Page 292 and 293: C++ // Initialize and set thread jo
Page 294 and 295: 38. WEB PROGRAMMING C++ What is CGI
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Page 298 and 299: C++ Variable Name Description CONTE
Page 300 and 301: C++ if ( value != 0 ){ cout
Page 302 and 303: C++ You can pass information by sim
Page 304 and 305: C++ First Name: Last Name: Her
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Page 308 and 309: C++ if( !fi->isEmpty() && fi != (*f
Page 310 and 311: C++ Passing Dropdown Box Data to CG
Page 312 and 313: C++ Domain: This is the domain
Page 314 and 315: C++ Cgicc cgi; const_cookie_iterato
Page 316 and 317: C++ #include #include #include #
Page 318 and 319: 39. STL TUTORIAL C++ Hope you have
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C++ value of vec [1] = 1 value of v
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C++ The Localization library Exc
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