Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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ecology of the landscape, including the interests of people with whom fruit growers share the environment. Weather and climate are two facets of the natural environment that fruit growers see daily and are vitally important to the management of fruit production. Understanding how weather and climate function helps growers turn the local forecasts into management decisions on their farms. Climate and weather “Climate” refers to weather conditions at a location averaged over long periods of time, usually 30 years or longer. “Weather” refers to current or recent conditions. Temperature, wind velocity and precipitation are just a few of the weather conditions that are used to describe a location’s climate. Climate and weather change over time and operate in cycles. Climate changes tend to occur over long periods; weather changes constantly. Climate and weather function on many scales, from the large — e.g., a jet stream — to the micro — underneath the leaf on a tree. Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 1 Examples of the three scales of climate and weather Scale Length/size Area Phenomenon Macro thousands of miles USA jet stream Meso regional Michigan thunderstorm, lake-effect Micro up to 0.5 mile field canopy leaf wetness Global energy and water cycles Three factors generally control climate: the amount of solar energy striking the surface, the rotation of the earth on its axis, and the distribution of land and water on the surface of the planet. The effects of direct and slanting sun angles, day length and atmospheric obstructions such as clouds create regional differences in energy. Surpluses of energy occur in a broad belt around the Earth’s equator, with a net energy deficit north and south of that belt to the poles. This surplus and deficit of energy Energy deficit Band of surplus energy Energyy deficit 9
10 and the movement of energy as it seeks equilibrium are the major driving forces behind weather and climate. Fundamental laws of nature require energy to move from areas of greater to lesser concentration and seek equilibrium. About 75 percent of the energy imbalance between equator and poles is “corrected” by flows in the atmosphere; the rest of the energy is transferred by ocean currents. Jet streams occur in both the north and south temperate zones. These rivers of faster moving air are several hundred miles wide and stream above and around both hemispheres. They mark the boundaries between areas of energy deficit to the poleward side and energy surpluses to the equatorial side. Jet streams act as steering mechanisms for weather disturbances in temperate climates of the world. The Northern Hemisphere jet stream is the key atmospheric feature affecting the fruit-growing regions of the northeastern United States. Its movement and configuration strongly affect day-to-day and weekto-week weather patterns. Oceans are the ultimate source of all water on earth. A large amount of the sun’s energy Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 1 The hydrological cycle shows how water circulates throughout a site where fruit is grown. goes directly into evaporating water, which moderates temperature extremes and creates precipitation. If there were no water to evaporate, the temperature of the earth would be about 80 degrees F warmer than it is. Evaporation from the oceans also generates 86 percent of Earth’s precipitation. The remaining precipitation comes from evaporation from soil surfaces and plant transpiration over land. Water in the form of vapor is moved inland by prevailing winds. In general, the farther a location is from an ocean, the drier its climate. Climatological limitations to agriculture In temperate areas, the most important climatic limitation is the change of the seasons. Temperate crop species must complete their reproductive cycle during the time of the year when temperatures are warm enough to allow growth and development. Other temperature-related constraints are day-to-day variability during the growing season and extreme cold temperatures during the off-season. Because temperature is difficult for a grower to modify, it is perhaps
Page 1 and 2: Michigan State University Extension
Page 4 and 5: Fruit Crop Ecology and Management I
Page 6 and 7: Enterprise goals ◆ High quality f
Page 8 and 9: In Chapter 4, we set aside the imag
Page 12 and 13: the most important constraint influ
Page 14 and 15: temperature extremes and in seasona
Page 16 and 17: R. Zoppolo/D. Stefanelli R. Zoppolo
Page 18 and 19: cultural factors — such as crop l
Page 20 and 21: grafting compatibility that will in
Page 22 and 23: set and production. Timing of chemi
Page 24 and 25: 6 CO2 So So r en gy 6 H2O Organic a
Page 26 and 27: Two organisms are better than one.
Page 28 and 29: Plants rely on microbes to recharge
Page 30 and 31: quences. Too much nitrogen results
Page 32 and 33: conditions. Residues of legumes suc
Page 34 and 35: protected with mulch. In a mature p
Page 36 and 37: or yield to a level affecting profi
Page 38 and 39: material because of their distinct
Page 40 and 41: Single and multicycle pathogens Dis
Page 42 and 43: pesticides can affect the nature an
Page 44 and 45: growing shoots. In contrast, the fu
Page 46 and 47: Ecological concept Wounds predispos
Page 48 and 49: Adults and larvae generally are ada
Page 50 and 51: After a certain period, in which sy
Page 52 and 53: How pathogens cause disease Spore l
Page 54 and 55: alance of the community is disrupte
Page 56 and 57: Parasites A parasite lives in, on o
Page 58 and 59: W. Yang Mycorrhizael hyphae (the th
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sources of sugar. For example, Tric
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Pesticide impacts on the community
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Such differences lead to significan
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soilborne pathogens. Moisture, temp
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A. Schilder The causal agent of lea
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y ascospores are typically more num
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track of GDD accumulation based on
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indicates that leaf wetness can var
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accumulations were predicted to inc
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alance these positive and negative
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In the foreground, a ground cover o
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Ecological concept Insects can migr
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their growers keep costs as low as
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A 1997 Food Marketing Institute stu
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Working with local governments and
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Direct farm marketing is not easy.
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Human resources: You can’t raise
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Like many fruit farmers, the Gregor
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Richard H. Lehnert, Joy N. Landis,
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But the future of the commercial ma
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sustainable, but they are the best
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J Japanese beetle 46, 47, 67, 76 L
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Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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