Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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After a certain period, in which symptoms usually become evident, the fungus produces fruiting bodies, which contain spores. These spores can reinfect other plants or parts of the same plant. A Schilder Leather rot of strawberry. A. Schilder e release Ascospores Airborne ascospore ction A fungal life cycle: apple scab. Bitter rot of apple. Secondary infection verwintering in aves Conidium Overwintering Over stage Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 2 Sc Masses of sporangia around seed. ia Spore production Bitter rot Fruiting bodies of bitter rot fungus. Leather rot Scab lesions on lea Some pathogens obtain most of their nourishment from dead or dying plant material; others depend entirely on a living plant for their growth and reproduction. Weak pathogens cannot usually attack a healthy A Schilder A. Schilder Primary infection Germinating ascospore surface ected leaves ion lonization plant tissue Spores of bitter rot fungus. Sporangia of the leather rot fungus. P. Wharton A. Schilder plant but can become secondary invaders when a plant has been weakened by another pathogen or environmental stress. Bacteria tend to overwinter in infected plants, in plant debris on the ground or in soil. In the spring, they get splashed by rain onto susceptible plant tissues. They may first multiply on the plant surface to build adequate numbers for infection and then gain entry through Apple shoot killed by fire blight. A. Jones Fire blight Close-up of Erwinia bacterium P. McManus Bacterial ooze on infected apple K. Johnson 49
50 wounds or natural openings such as stomates. Once inside the plant, the bacteria start to multiply and destroy plant tissues in the process, after which they ooze out of infected plants. Rain, wind or insects disperse the ooze to other susceptible plant tissues. Viruses usually overwinter in stem or root cells of infected plants. Once the plant resumes growth in the spring, the virus moves throughout the plant, especially to young growing tissues. The virus tells the plant cell to make more virus particles and, in the process, disrupts the normal cell functions. Sucking or chewing insects, nematodes and certain soilborne fungi move viruses from plant to plant. Viruses can spread via seed, pollen or vegetative propagules, such as bulbs, corms and tubers. They can also be transmitted through plant sap on farm equipment, pruning shears, knives, hands and clothing. Leaves damaged by blueberry shoestring virus. Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 2 Ecological concept Pathogens survive in plant debris. Putting it into practice Remove overwintering inoculum to reduce disease pressure. Brown rot is an important disease of apricot, peach, nectarine, plum and cherry. The brown rot pathogen infects blossoms, spurs, shoots and fruit. Infected tissues become covered with the fungus and then turn dry and hard by the end of the season. The pathogen Biotic interactions Individuals in a community are bound together by biotic Blueberry shoestring virus A. Schilder R. Isaacs J. Gillett Blueberry shoestring virus is vectored by the blueberry aphid. What goes around comes around Blueberry shoestring virus particles. A. Jones overwinters primarily in the tree in fruit mummies, fruit stems and twig cankers. Brown rot disease pressure can become severe in orchards where fruit remain after harvest. Removing sources of inoculum from the orchard helps reduce disease pressure the following season. Growers must use a more diligent control program if there is a large amount of overwintering inoculum. interactions such as predation, parasitism, herbivory, competition and mutualism. Because of these interrelationships, each population’s activities affect other populations. Herbivores are strongly influenced by interactions with their food plants but also compete with one another for resources. Furthermore, the abundance of herbivores is strongly influenced by the densities of organisms that attack them.
Page 1 and 2: Michigan State University Extension
Page 4 and 5: Fruit Crop Ecology and Management I
Page 6 and 7: Enterprise goals ◆ High quality f
Page 8 and 9: In Chapter 4, we set aside the imag
Page 10 and 11: ecology of the landscape, including
Page 12 and 13: the most important constraint influ
Page 14 and 15: temperature extremes and in seasona
Page 16 and 17: R. Zoppolo/D. Stefanelli R. Zoppolo
Page 18 and 19: cultural factors — such as crop l
Page 20 and 21: grafting compatibility that will in
Page 22 and 23: set and production. Timing of chemi
Page 24 and 25: 6 CO2 So So r en gy 6 H2O Organic a
Page 26 and 27: Two organisms are better than one.
Page 28 and 29: Plants rely on microbes to recharge
Page 30 and 31: quences. Too much nitrogen results
Page 32 and 33: conditions. Residues of legumes suc
Page 34 and 35: protected with mulch. In a mature p
Page 36 and 37: or yield to a level affecting profi
Page 38 and 39: material because of their distinct
Page 40 and 41: Single and multicycle pathogens Dis
Page 42 and 43: pesticides can affect the nature an
Page 44 and 45: growing shoots. In contrast, the fu
Page 46 and 47: Ecological concept Wounds predispos
Page 48 and 49: Adults and larvae generally are ada
Page 52 and 53: How pathogens cause disease Spore l
Page 54 and 55: alance of the community is disrupte
Page 56 and 57: Parasites A parasite lives in, on o
Page 58 and 59: W. Yang Mycorrhizael hyphae (the th
Page 60 and 61: sources of sugar. For example, Tric
Page 62 and 63: Pesticide impacts on the community
Page 64 and 65: Such differences lead to significan
Page 66 and 67: soilborne pathogens. Moisture, temp
Page 68 and 69: A. Schilder The causal agent of lea
Page 70 and 71: y ascospores are typically more num
Page 72 and 73: track of GDD accumulation based on
Page 74 and 75: indicates that leaf wetness can var
Page 76 and 77: accumulations were predicted to inc
Page 78 and 79: alance these positive and negative
Page 80 and 81: In the foreground, a ground cover o
Page 82 and 83: Ecological concept Insects can migr
Page 84 and 85: their growers keep costs as low as
Page 86 and 87: A 1997 Food Marketing Institute stu
Page 88 and 89: Working with local governments and
Page 90 and 91: Direct farm marketing is not easy.
Page 92 and 93: Human resources: You can’t raise
Page 94 and 95: Like many fruit farmers, the Gregor
Page 96 and 97: Richard H. Lehnert, Joy N. Landis,
Page 98 and 99: But the future of the commercial ma
Page 100 and 101:
sustainable, but they are the best
Page 102 and 103:
J Japanese beetle 46, 47, 67, 76 L
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Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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