Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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Ecological concept Wounds predispose plants to disease. Putting it into practice Avoid wounding plants when pathogens are active. The causal fungus of cane blight can enter raspberry and blackberry canes only through wounds. The fungus eventually causes cane death. The most common entryways are wounds caused by pruning, mechanical harvesting, canes rubbing against each other and insect damage. It makes sense, therefore, to avoid pruning during wet periods in the summer when fungus spores are plentiful and Life histories A life history describes characteristics such as the way an organism develops, reproduces and feeds. Individual life history characteristics, such as dispersal ability and overwintering strategies, play a major role in shaping the community. Species can colonize and persist in a Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 2 A wound in sheep’s clothing infection is likely. Tying or trellising the canes to avoid excessive movement by wind can also reduce wounding. In addition, applying fungicides following pruning will protect the canes when they are most vulnerable to infection. Evidence of cane blight. M. Ellis habitat only if they are adapted to the available resources. Organisms living in fruit production systems often have a number of life history requirements. For example, codling moths overwinter as mature larvae in cocoons on the trunk and major scaffolds of apple and pear. After pupation, the adults may utilize fruit and sugars provided by ground cover plants. Eggs are laid on either the fruit or leaves, but the developing larvae require fruit to complete their development. Several other fruit pests overwinter on wood in various life stages, later moving to fruit and leaves to deposit eggs and feed. Some species spend the winter on the ground or in more distant non-crop habitats such as woods and fields and must recolonize the fruit crop each year. Insect and mite life cycles The general life cycle of insects and mites includes egg, immature and adult stages. The immature and adult forms of mites and some kinds of insects may look the same but differ in size. These undergo gradual metamorphosis. The young are called nymphs and lack wings and reproductive organs. Adults and nymphs usually share the same habitat and feed on the same host. Aphids and leafhoppers are two important fruit pests that develop in this manner. In other insects, the young and adult stages look very different and often live in different habitats. These undergo complete metamorphosis. The young are called larvae. The larvae of moths are caterpillars, fruit fly larvae are maggots, and beetle larvae are grubs. 45
46 Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 2 Feeding and overwintering sites of some fruit pests and pathogens. Insect or mite Feeding site Overwintering stage and site Apple and spirea aphids Foliage - primarily apple Eggs on smooth twigs Apple maggot Fruit - apple, hawthorn, cherry, plum, wild rose Pupae in the soil Blueberry maggot Fruit - blueberry Pupae in soil under bushes Cherry fruit fly Fruit - cherry Pupae in the soil Codling moth Fruit - apple, pear, quince Mature larvae in cocoon under loose bark scales or in litter Cranberry fruitworm Fruit - blueberry, cranberry Mature larvae in hibernacula in soil under bushes European red mite Foliage - many fruit crops and ornamentals Eggs on small branches and twigs Grape berry moth Fruit - grape Pupae in vineyard and woodlot leaf debris Grape leafhopper Foliage - grape Adults in vineyard floor and surrounding habitats Japanese beetle Fruit and foliage - many fruit crops and ornamentals Grubs in soil, especially under sod Obliquebanded leafroller Foliage and fruit - apple, pear, cherry, peach, many wild hosts Young larvae in hibernacula on tree Oriental fruit moth Fruit and foliage - peach, nectarine, apple, plum, cherry, pear, rose Mature larvae in hibernacula of silk in tree crevices or litter Peachtree borers Woody tissues - peach, nectarine, plum, cherry Larvae in woody tissues Pear psylla Fruit - pear Winter-form adults Plum curculio Fruit - apple, cherry, plum, peach, blueberry and others Adults under leaf litter in woods, fencerows, ditch banks and plantings Potato leafhopper Foliage - many fruit crops Adults in southern United States Strawberry sap beetle Fruit - strawberry Pupae in soil in woods and plantings Tarnished plant bug Fruit - peach, strawberry Nymphs and adults under leaf litter in and around plantings Tentiform leafminer Foliage - apple, pear, cherry, prune plum Pupae in fallen leaves Twospotted spider mite Foliage - many weeds, ornamentals, vegetables, field Adult females in duff at the base of tree or & forage crops, tree fruits, small fruits sheltered sites beneath bark White apple leafhopper Foliage - apple, cherry, prune plum Eggs in newer wood Disease/Pathogen Part infected Overwintering stage and site Anthracnose - fruit rot Colletotrichum acutatum Fruit, twigs - blueberry Mycelium in infected twigs Anthracnose - Elsinoe veneta Primocanes, leaves - raspberry and blackberry Mycelium and fruiting bodies in diseased canes Apple scab - Venturia inaequalis Leaves, fruit - apple Fruiting bodies in infected leaves on orchard floor and mycelium in infected buds Bacterial canker – syringae, Tree trunk, branches, leaves, fruit - sweet and tart cherry, Bacterial cells in bark tissue at canker margins, apparently Pseudomonas sp. plum, prune healthy buds and systemically in the vascular system Black knot- Shoots - plum, prune, tart cherry Mycelium and fruiting bodies in knotty growths Apiosporina morbosa on trunks, branches, twigs Black rot - Guignardia bidwellii Leaves, fruit, canes - grape Mycelium and fruiting bodies in mummified berries and infected canes Brown rot - Monilinia fructicola Fruit, twigs - all stone fruits Mycelium in mummified fruit and in cankers Cedar apple rust - Gymnosporangium juniperi- virginianae Leaves, fruit - apple Mycelium in galls on eastern red cedar trees Cherry leaf spot - Blumeriella jaapii Leaves, fruit - cherry Mycelium in leaves on the orchard floor Downy mildew - Plasmopara viticola Leaves, fruit - grape Oospores in dead leaves on ground Fire blight - Erwinia amylovora Flowers, shoots, roots, fruit - apple and pear Bacterial cells in bark tissue at canker margins and systemically in the vascular system Gray mold - Botrytis cinerea Leaves, flowers, fruit - grape, blueberry, strawberry, brambles Mycelium and sclerotia in infected plant debris Leather rot - Phytophthora cactorum Fruit - strawberry Oospores in fruit mummies and soil Mummy berry - Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi Young shoots and fruit - blueberry Pseudosclerotia (fruit mummies) on the ground Peach rosette mosaic virus Entire plant - peach, grape Virus particles in roots and nematode vectors Phomopsis cane and leaf spot - Phomopsis viticola Canes, leaves, rachises, fruit - grape Mycelium and fruiting bodies in infected canes Powdery mildew - Podosphaera leucotricha Leaves, shoots, fruit - apple Mycelium in infected buds Powdery mildew - Uncinula necator Leaves, shoots, fruit - grape Fruiting bodies in crevices in the bark
Page 1 and 2: Michigan State University Extension
Page 4 and 5: Fruit Crop Ecology and Management I
Page 6 and 7: Enterprise goals ◆ High quality f
Page 8 and 9: In Chapter 4, we set aside the imag
Page 10 and 11: ecology of the landscape, including
Page 12 and 13: the most important constraint influ
Page 14 and 15: temperature extremes and in seasona
Page 16 and 17: R. Zoppolo/D. Stefanelli R. Zoppolo
Page 18 and 19: cultural factors — such as crop l
Page 20 and 21: grafting compatibility that will in
Page 22 and 23: set and production. Timing of chemi
Page 24 and 25: 6 CO2 So So r en gy 6 H2O Organic a
Page 26 and 27: Two organisms are better than one.
Page 28 and 29: Plants rely on microbes to recharge
Page 30 and 31: quences. Too much nitrogen results
Page 32 and 33: conditions. Residues of legumes suc
Page 34 and 35: protected with mulch. In a mature p
Page 36 and 37: or yield to a level affecting profi
Page 38 and 39: material because of their distinct
Page 40 and 41: Single and multicycle pathogens Dis
Page 42 and 43: pesticides can affect the nature an
Page 44 and 45: growing shoots. In contrast, the fu
Page 48 and 49: Adults and larvae generally are ada
Page 50 and 51: After a certain period, in which sy
Page 52 and 53: How pathogens cause disease Spore l
Page 54 and 55: alance of the community is disrupte
Page 56 and 57: Parasites A parasite lives in, on o
Page 58 and 59: W. Yang Mycorrhizael hyphae (the th
Page 60 and 61: sources of sugar. For example, Tric
Page 62 and 63: Pesticide impacts on the community
Page 64 and 65: Such differences lead to significan
Page 66 and 67: soilborne pathogens. Moisture, temp
Page 68 and 69: A. Schilder The causal agent of lea
Page 70 and 71: y ascospores are typically more num
Page 72 and 73: track of GDD accumulation based on
Page 74 and 75: indicates that leaf wetness can var
Page 76 and 77: accumulations were predicted to inc
Page 78 and 79: alance these positive and negative
Page 80 and 81: In the foreground, a ground cover o
Page 82 and 83: Ecological concept Insects can migr
Page 84 and 85: their growers keep costs as low as
Page 86 and 87: A 1997 Food Marketing Institute stu
Page 88 and 89: Working with local governments and
Page 90 and 91: Direct farm marketing is not easy.
Page 92 and 93: Human resources: You can’t raise
Page 94 and 95: Like many fruit farmers, the Gregor
Page 96 and 97:
Richard H. Lehnert, Joy N. Landis,
Page 98 and 99:
But the future of the commercial ma
Page 100 and 101:
sustainable, but they are the best
Page 102 and 103:
J Japanese beetle 46, 47, 67, 76 L
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Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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