Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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set and production. Timing of chemical fruit thinning also needs to be carefully determined — it depends on temperature and the size of fruitlets. Hand thinning can be done over a more extended period and so allows more accuracy in determining the amount of fruit left. Handthinned plants will be better balanced and fruits will be of better quality, but this method is more expensive than chemical methods. The soil Jose E. Sanchez, Thomas C. Willson, Roberto J. Zoppolo, Dario Stefanelli and George W. Bird Soil supplies minerals and water, anchors plant roots, and mediates interactions between plant roots and organisms such as soilborne pests and pathogens. For fruit production, soil and subsoil should be well drained but with enough waterholding capacity to provide a good reserve of water. Soil is an ecosystem with regenerative properties. Its abiotic (non-living components) consist of mineral matter (clay, silt and sand), water, air and organic matter (plant and animal residues and humus). The soil’s biotic or living Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 1 Abiotic soil components Water 25 percent components include plant roots, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa, arthropods and earthworms Organic matter ≤ 5 percent Soil Management, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 1994. All of these elements interact in dynamic belowground food Air 25 percent Biotic soil components Plant roots • Plant residues (roots and shoots) are the ultimate source of almost all carbon (energy) for soil organisms. • There may be 1,000 times more soil microorganisms near plant roots than in soil farther away from roots. Bacteria • Bacteria and fungi are the most important groups in organic matter decomposition. • Extracellular compounds help bind soil particles into aggregates. • Specialized groups are involved in each portion of the nitrogen cycle. Mineral matter 45 percent webs similar to those in aboveground ecosystems. Working together, they transform and transport matter and energy throughout the system. K. Stepnitz M.J. Klug Continued on next page. 21
22 Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 1 Fungi • Fungi are the most important group involved in decomposing resistant compounds such as lignin. • Hyphae grow extensively through soils, helping bind soil particles into aggregates. • Some specialized fungi grow symbiotically with plant roots, increasing nutrient and water uptake and decreasing disease incidence. Actinomycetes • A type of bacterium with a growth form and function similar to those of fungi. • Produce compounds that give soil its distinctive aroma. Nematodes • The most numerous animals in the soil. Biotic soil components (continued) • Help accelerate decomposition when they graze on bacteria, fungi and plant residues. Protozoa • Help accelerate decomposition when they graze on bacteria, fungi and plant residues. Arthropods • Mites, collembola and other insects help accelerate decomposition when they graze on bacteria, fungi and plant residues. • Collembola are an important arthropod in plant residue decomposition. Earthworms • Burrowing by worms mixes soils and creates macropores that increase water infiltration and flow and help aerate soil. • Soil passage through guts increases aggregation and nutrient cycling. M.J. Klug G. Garrity, MSU Center for Microbial Ecology W. L. Goodfriend V.V.S.R. Gupta R. Carvajal
Page 1 and 2: Michigan State University Extension
Page 4 and 5: Fruit Crop Ecology and Management I
Page 6 and 7: Enterprise goals ◆ High quality f
Page 8 and 9: In Chapter 4, we set aside the imag
Page 10 and 11: ecology of the landscape, including
Page 12 and 13: the most important constraint influ
Page 14 and 15: temperature extremes and in seasona
Page 16 and 17: R. Zoppolo/D. Stefanelli R. Zoppolo
Page 18 and 19: cultural factors — such as crop l
Page 20 and 21: grafting compatibility that will in
Page 24 and 25: 6 CO2 So So r en gy 6 H2O Organic a
Page 26 and 27: Two organisms are better than one.
Page 28 and 29: Plants rely on microbes to recharge
Page 30 and 31: quences. Too much nitrogen results
Page 32 and 33: conditions. Residues of legumes suc
Page 34 and 35: protected with mulch. In a mature p
Page 36 and 37: or yield to a level affecting profi
Page 38 and 39: material because of their distinct
Page 40 and 41: Single and multicycle pathogens Dis
Page 42 and 43: pesticides can affect the nature an
Page 44 and 45: growing shoots. In contrast, the fu
Page 46 and 47: Ecological concept Wounds predispos
Page 48 and 49: Adults and larvae generally are ada
Page 50 and 51: After a certain period, in which sy
Page 52 and 53: How pathogens cause disease Spore l
Page 54 and 55: alance of the community is disrupte
Page 56 and 57: Parasites A parasite lives in, on o
Page 58 and 59: W. Yang Mycorrhizael hyphae (the th
Page 60 and 61: sources of sugar. For example, Tric
Page 62 and 63: Pesticide impacts on the community
Page 64 and 65: Such differences lead to significan
Page 66 and 67: soilborne pathogens. Moisture, temp
Page 68 and 69: A. Schilder The causal agent of lea
Page 70 and 71: y ascospores are typically more num
Page 72 and 73:
track of GDD accumulation based on
Page 74 and 75:
indicates that leaf wetness can var
Page 76 and 77:
accumulations were predicted to inc
Page 78 and 79:
alance these positive and negative
Page 80 and 81:
In the foreground, a ground cover o
Page 82 and 83:
Ecological concept Insects can migr
Page 84 and 85:
their growers keep costs as low as
Page 86 and 87:
A 1997 Food Marketing Institute stu
Page 88 and 89:
Working with local governments and
Page 90 and 91:
Direct farm marketing is not easy.
Page 92 and 93:
Human resources: You can’t raise
Page 94 and 95:
Like many fruit farmers, the Gregor
Page 96 and 97:
Richard H. Lehnert, Joy N. Landis,
Page 98 and 99:
But the future of the commercial ma
Page 100 and 101:
sustainable, but they are the best
Page 102 and 103:
J Japanese beetle 46, 47, 67, 76 L
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Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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