Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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Adults and larvae generally are adapted to consume different resources. For example, moths have sucking mouthparts and feed on nectar and pollen; as caterpillars they have chewing mouthparts and feed on fruit and foliage. The larvae go through a series of stages, finally transforming into pupae before becoming adults. Pupae are usually inactive and serve as the overwintering stage for many insects. Insects may complete one generation (life cycle) or more per year. In some cases, insects have a constant number of generations, while others vary in the number of generations Ecological concept Each life stage interacts differently with the crop. Putting it into practice Knowing pest life cycles helps planning of effective pest control programs. Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 2 depending on the weather within a growing season. Nematodes Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that inhabit all ecosystems. They have many roles in fruit production, including making nutrients available to roots, causing infectious diseases and vectoring plant viruses. These nematodes are microscopic and live in soil or decaying organic matter on the surface. Most plant parasitic nematodes feed on root tissue. The root knot, root lesion, ring and dagger nematodes are Timing is everything Some insects, such as codling moth, do little damage in their adult stage to their host plants, but lay eggs directly onto the crop. Later, these eggs hatch, and larvae emerge and feed on the crop. In this case, to optimize control insecticide applications should be targeted to the eggs and The Japanese beetle life cycle consists of egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. Z. Szendrei R. Isaacs R. Isaacs pathogens of fruit crops. Root knot nematodes are sedentary, feed internally and cause root galls, whereas root lesion nematodes migrate throughout the root. Ring and dagger nematodes are ectoparasites and feed without entering root tissue. Dagger nematodes vector the tomato ringspot virus, which causes stem pitting of cherry and union necrosis of apple. Peach rosette mosaic virus, which causes a serious disease of grapes, is also vectored by the dagger nematode. The Michigan grape root knot nematode is known to exist only in Michigan and is young larvae, which are the most sensitive stages. For insects such as Japanese beetle, where the adult causes most damage, targeting the adult is critical for reducing direct feeding damage to the foliage and fruit, while controlling grubs can reduce the overall population. 47
48 G. Bird Nematology Laboratory Above left, a plant parasitic nematode (root-feeding) as viewed with an electron microscope. Above right, a light microscope created this photomicrograph that allows us to see inside a nematode and view the stylet used to feed on root tissue. uniquely adapted to a northern temperate climate. In the life history of nematodes, females or hermaphrodites produce eggs, which hatch as juveniles. All nematodes have four juvenile stages. Between stages they shed their cuticle (molt) and increase in size. Both nematodes and arthropods have this unique characteristic. In many species, the adults resemble the juvenile stages. Females of Powdery mildew on grape leaf. A. Schilder Fruit Crop Ecology and Management: Chapter 2 G. Bird Nematology Laboratory Adults Eggs are laid in soil Root system of healthy plant Juvenile stages Egg hatch Juveniles and adults attack roots some species, such as the root knot nematode, become swollen and are unable to move. Nematode development is influenced by host, temperature and other ecosystem factors. Nematode life cycles may be as short as 72 hours or as long as several years. Some species have stages that are designed to persist through long periods of adverse environmental conditions. Powdery mildew Overwintering fruiting bodies of the powdery mildew fungus. Egg Close view of overwintering fruiting body. Root penetration Some nematodes leave the lesion and attack other roots Young roots may be girdled and their tips killed Nematode penetrates root A nematode life cycle: root lesion nematode. A. Schilder Invaded tissues turn brown Nematodes reproduce and migrate within the root Reproduction Plant pathogens The life histories of plant pathogens are varied and often tightly intertwined with host development. In general, plant pathogenic fungi overwinter as fungal threads (mycelium), fruiting bodies or spores in previously infected plant parts or in the soil. In the spring, spores are released and carried by wind or rain to susceptible plant tissues. The fungus penetrates the plant surface (either directly or through wounds or natural B. Kendrick openings) and starts to colonize the underlying tissues. In some cases, the fungus grows throughout the entire plant, which is called systemic infection.
Page 1 and 2: Michigan State University Extension
Page 4 and 5: Fruit Crop Ecology and Management I
Page 6 and 7: Enterprise goals ◆ High quality f
Page 8 and 9: In Chapter 4, we set aside the imag
Page 10 and 11: ecology of the landscape, including
Page 12 and 13: the most important constraint influ
Page 14 and 15: temperature extremes and in seasona
Page 16 and 17: R. Zoppolo/D. Stefanelli R. Zoppolo
Page 18 and 19: cultural factors — such as crop l
Page 20 and 21: grafting compatibility that will in
Page 22 and 23: set and production. Timing of chemi
Page 24 and 25: 6 CO2 So So r en gy 6 H2O Organic a
Page 26 and 27: Two organisms are better than one.
Page 28 and 29: Plants rely on microbes to recharge
Page 30 and 31: quences. Too much nitrogen results
Page 32 and 33: conditions. Residues of legumes suc
Page 34 and 35: protected with mulch. In a mature p
Page 36 and 37: or yield to a level affecting profi
Page 38 and 39: material because of their distinct
Page 40 and 41: Single and multicycle pathogens Dis
Page 42 and 43: pesticides can affect the nature an
Page 44 and 45: growing shoots. In contrast, the fu
Page 46 and 47: Ecological concept Wounds predispos
Page 50 and 51: After a certain period, in which sy
Page 52 and 53: How pathogens cause disease Spore l
Page 54 and 55: alance of the community is disrupte
Page 56 and 57: Parasites A parasite lives in, on o
Page 58 and 59: W. Yang Mycorrhizael hyphae (the th
Page 60 and 61: sources of sugar. For example, Tric
Page 62 and 63: Pesticide impacts on the community
Page 64 and 65: Such differences lead to significan
Page 66 and 67: soilborne pathogens. Moisture, temp
Page 68 and 69: A. Schilder The causal agent of lea
Page 70 and 71: y ascospores are typically more num
Page 72 and 73: track of GDD accumulation based on
Page 74 and 75: indicates that leaf wetness can var
Page 76 and 77: accumulations were predicted to inc
Page 78 and 79: alance these positive and negative
Page 80 and 81: In the foreground, a ground cover o
Page 82 and 83: Ecological concept Insects can migr
Page 84 and 85: their growers keep costs as low as
Page 86 and 87: A 1997 Food Marketing Institute stu
Page 88 and 89: Working with local governments and
Page 90 and 91: Direct farm marketing is not easy.
Page 92 and 93: Human resources: You can’t raise
Page 94 and 95: Like many fruit farmers, the Gregor
Page 96 and 97: Richard H. Lehnert, Joy N. Landis,
Page 98 and 99:
But the future of the commercial ma
Page 100 and 101:
sustainable, but they are the best
Page 102 and 103:
J Japanese beetle 46, 47, 67, 76 L
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Fruit Crop Ecology and Management - UVM Apple Orchard

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